t  A . 


v  .1' 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


/I. 


LAMARCK'S 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS, 


CATALOGUE   OF   SPECIES. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  FRENCH 

BY    AUGUSTUS    A.    GOULD,  M.  D. 


BOSTON: 
ALLEN   AND  TICKNOR. 

1833. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1833, 

BT  ALLEN  &  TICKNOR, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


BOSTON: 

TUTTLE   AND    WEEKS,  PRINTE 
No.  8,  School  Street. 


L-31 


Lib, 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  science  of  Conchology  has,  within  a  very  short 
period,  risen  into  notice  amongst  us,  and  has  already 
become  a  fashionable  study,  extensively  and  passion- 
ately cultivated.  The  means  of  pursuing  it,  however, 
are  very  limited.  Nearly  all  the  works  we  have,  and 
these  are  but  few,  are  arranged  on  the  Linna?an  sys- 
tem. His  arrangement  of  shells,  like  his  arrangement 
of  all  the  kingdoms  of  nature,  is  very  simple,  though 
very  artificial.  His  divisions  are  few  and  comprehen- 
sive, soon  acquired  and  easily  retained.  But  no  one 
makes  any  considerable  advance  in  the  study  of  Con- 
chology, before  he  discovers  great  discrepancy  in  indi- 
viduals belonging  to  the  same  Linnsean  genus  ;  and  he 
learns  that  there  is  another  system,  already  in  general 
use  among  naturalists,  founded  on  natural  characters, 
and  more  in  accordance  with  the  present  state  of 
knowledge.  This  system,  or  some  modification  of  it, 
he  finds  is  destined  to  supersede  all  others,  and  this  he 
must  learn.  The  works  which  contain  it  are  in  a 
foreign  language,  of  considerable  magnitude,  and  are 
possessed  and  read  but  by  very  few.  So  that  the  lim- 
ited knowledge  of  Lamarck's  genera,  which  is  ordina- 
rily acquired,  is  wholly  traditional. 


P368784 


Vl  INTRODUCTION. 

To  supply,  in  some  measure,  this  deficiency,  the 
following  translation  and  abridgment  of  Lamarck's 
work  has  been  made,  containing  the  substance  of 
three  large  octavo  volumes  in  French.  Two  transla- 
tions, at  least,  have  been  made  in  England,  both  of 
which  have  been  consulted.  One  by  Crouch,  beauti- 
fully illustrated,  bears  a  high  price,  and  is  not  easily 
obtained.  The  other  by  Mr  Leach,  published  in  num- 
bers, in  the  London  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science,  &c., 
1823,  is  of  course  seldom  to  be  met  with. 

Each  of  the  above  translations  is  illustrated  by  a 
figure  of  the  type  of  each  genus.  To  supply,  in  some 
degree,  the  omission  of  these  engravings,  a  list  of 
species  has  been  affixed  to  each  genus.  The  assis- 
tance which  this  may  render  will  be  readily  perceived. 
The  Linnsean  genera  and  species  are  supposed  to  be 
more  or  less  known.  Now  if  we  have  what  is  called 
by  Linnaeus,  Venus  Islandica,  and  we  look  at  the  list 
of  species,  we  find  it,  not  under  Venus,  but  under 
Cyprina.  Being  thus  certified  of  the  genus,  we  study 
this  shell  instead  of  a  plate,  comparing  it  with  the 
generic  description,  and  thus  have  a  type  of  the  genus 
by  which  to  arrange  other  individuals  in  our  cabinet. 
Thus  we  may  proceed  with  other  genera  and  species. 

A  plate  exhibiting  the  parts  of  a  shell,  Wood's 
Synopsis  of  Lamarck's  subdivision  of  the  Linnaean 
genera,  an  index,  showing  also  the  accentuation  and 
derivation  of  the  generic  names,  and  a  glossary  of 
technical  terms,  have  also  been  annexed. 

A  few  more  modern  and  well  characterised  genera 
have  been  placed  in  the  margin  J  and  other  species 
than  those  described  by  Lamarck,  have  been  added. 
Those  at  the  end  of  the  list,  separated  from  the  rest  by 
a  dash,  are  American  species,  described  by  Barnes,  Say, 


INTRODUCTION.  Vll 

Lea,  Conrad  and  others,  in  American  works,  and  not 
included  in  Lamarck's  enumeration. 

This  compilation  is  intended  for  those  only  who 
study  recent  shells,  and  not  for  those  who  would  study 
that  department  of  the  animal  kingdom  which  ordina- 
rily bears  shells.  All  reference  to  the  inhabiting  ani- 
mal is  therefore  omitted,  and  those  genera  which  bear 
no  shell,  or  are  only  found  in  a  fossil  state,  are  merely 
defined  in  their  proper  places,  and  the  names  of 
fossil  species  are  not  mentioned.  It  is  supposed  that 
those  who  would  pursue  the  study  to  these  particu- 
lars, will  have  access  to  the  original  work. 

A.  A.  G, 


INDEX. 


Acasta,  one  of  the 
Oceanides  7 

A/cera,  Gr.  without  a 
horn  61 

Achatina  66 

Alasmidonta,  Gr.  with- 
out a  lateral  tooth  38 

Ammonites,  ammon,  a 
name  of  Jupiter  106 

Ammonoceratites,  Gr. 
the  horn  of  Ammon  106 

Amphidesma,  Gr.  liga- 
ment, external  and  in- 
ternal 16 

Amphitrite,  one  of  the 
Nereids  5 

Ampullaria,  ampulla,  a 
wide  mouthed  bottle  71 

Anastoma,  Gr.  mouth 
looking  upwards  64 

Anatifera,Gr.  producing 
ducks  8 

Anatina,  anas,  a  duck        13 

Ancillaria,  from  ancilla, 
a  damsel  96 

Ancylus,  ancile,  a  sacred 
shield  60 

Anodonta,  Gr.  having 
no  teeth  38 

Anomia,  Gr.  without 
law,  anomalous  52 

A'rca,  Lat.  a  chest,  or 
ark  32 

Arenicola,  Lat.  inhabit- 
ing the  sand  3 


Argonauta,  Gr.  sailors 
in  the  ship  Argo  107 

Aspergillum,La£.  a  wa- 
tering pot  9 

Auricula,  Lat.  a  little 
ear  67 

Avicula,  Lat.  a  little 
bird  46 

Baculites,  baculum,  a 
staff  107 

Balanus,  Lat.  an  acorn        7 

Belemnites,  Gr.  a  dart       99 

Birostrites,  Lat.  double 
beaked  54 

Buccinum,  Lat.  a  trum- 
pet 89 

Bulimus,  Lat.  insatiable 
thirst  65 

Bulla,  Lat.  a  bubble  61 

Bullaea,  Lat.  like  bulla      61 

Calceola,  Lat.  a  little 
shoe  54 

Calyptraea,  Gr.  a  cap 
for  the  head  60 

Cancellaria,  cancelli,  like 
pales  of  a  fence  81 

Capsa,  Lat.  a  coffer  or 
box  23 

Cardita,  allied  to  car- 
dium  30 

Cardium,  Lat.  a  heart        29 

Carinaria,  carina,  the 
keel  of  a  vessel  108 

Caroc611a,6rr.  caracalla, 
a  kind  of  hood  63 


Xll 


INDEX. 


O'strea,  Lat.  an  oyster       51 

O'tion,  Gr.  a  little  ear         8 

O'vula?from  ovum,  an  egg  94 

Paludina,palus,  a  marsh    70 

Pandora,  alluding  to  Pan- 
dora's box  17 

Panopsea,  Gr.  all  aperture  12 

Parmacella,  parma,  a  lit- 
tle shield  61 

Parmophorus,  Gr.  shield 
bearing  59 

Patella,   Lat.     a  bason, 
the  knee  pan  58 

Pecten,  Lat.  a  comb  48 

Pectinaria,     pecten,      a 
comb  4 

Pectunculus,  Lat.  a  shell 
fish  33 

Pedum,   Lat.     a    shep- 
herd's crook  47 

Perna,  Gr.  a  gammon  of 
bacon,  pig's  foot  44 

Petricola,  Lat.   inhabit- 
ing rocks  18 

Phasianella,  phasianus,  a 
little  pheasant  78 

Pholas,  Gr.  a  burrow  — 
to  pierce  11 

Phyllidia  57 

Phylliroe  108 

Physa  68 

Pillopsis,  Gr.  like  a  bon- 
net 60 

Pinna,   Lat.  a  plume  or 
feather  43 

Pirena,  Gr.  the  point  of 
a  sword  70 

Placentula,   Lat.  a  little 
cake  104 

Placuna,    Gr.     a  broad 
table  52 

PIagiostoma,Gr.  oblique 
mouth  48 

Planaxis,  Lat.  flattened 
axis  ?  78 

Planorbis,  planus,   and 
orbis,  flat  orb  68 


Pleurobranchus,    Gr. 

branehiaa  at  the  side        59 
Pleurotoma,  Gr.  having 

the  edge  cleft  80 

Plicatula,  plica,  a  fold  or 

wrinkle  49 

Pneumodermon,  Gr.  skin 

like  lungs  57 

Podopsis,  Gr.  like  afoot  50 
Pollicipes,  polleXj  the 

thumb   and    pes,  the 

foot,  great  toe  8 

Polygyra,      Gr.     many 

whorls  64 

Polystomella,  Gr.  many 

mouthed  105 

Psammdbia,    Gr.  living 

in  sand  19 

Pterocera,     Gr.  horned 

wing  85 

Pterotrachea,  Gr.  wing- 
ed trachea  108 
Pupa,  Lat.  a  puppet  65 
Purpura,    Lat.     a   shell 

producing  purple  87 

Pyramidella,  pyramis,  a 

pyramid  67 

Pyrgoma,  Gr.  a  tower  8 
Pyrula,  pyrum,  a  little 

pear  81 

Radiolites,  radius,  a  ray  53 
Ranella,  a  little  frog  82 
Renulites,  from  ren,  the 

kidney  101 

Ricinula,  (ricinus,)   like 

the  castor  oil  seed  87 

Rostellaria,   (rostellum,) 

a  little  beak  84 

Rotalites,  (rota,)  a  wheel  103 
Rotella,  Lat.  a  very 

small  wheel  76 

Sabellaria,     sabulum, 

coarse  sand  4 

Sanguinolana,  sanguis, 

blood  19 

Saxicava,  saxum,  a  rock 
and  cavo,  to  hollow        18 


INDEX. 


Xlll 


Scalaria,  scala,   a   flight 
of  steps  75 

Sepia,   from    sepio,     to 
cover  or  conceal  108 

Septaria,  septum,  a  divi- 
sion 10 

Serpula,  serpulla,  a  ser- 
pent 5 

Siderolites,  from  sidus, 
a  star  104 

Sigaretus  63 

Siliquaria,  siliqua,  a  bean 
pod  3 

Solarium,   Lat.  a     sun- 
dial 76 

Solen,    Gr.     a    pipe   or 
tube  12 

Solenomya,  allied  to  so- 
len  and  mya  16 

Sphaerulites,  spherula,  a 
little  globe  53 

Spirolinites,  from  spirula  102 

Spirorbis,  spira  and  orbis, 
a  spiral  orb  5 

Spirula?     Lat.    a    little 
spire  100 

Spondylus,   Gr.  prickly 
head  of  an  artichoke        49 

Stomatella,  Gr.   a   little 
mouth  63 

Stomatia,     Gr.    like    a 
mouth  64 

Strombus,  Lat.  a  sort  of 
shell  fish  85 

Struthiolaria,  Gr.  an  os- 
trich 82 

Succinea,     Lat.    amber 
colored  66 

Symphinota,  Gr.  united 
at  the  back  38 

Tellenides,  Gr.  like  tel- 
lina  21 

Tellina,  Gr.  the  name  of 
a  swift  fish  20 

Terebellum,  Lat.  a  little 
auger  96 

Terebella,  Lat.   a  little 
auger  4 


Terebratula,   terebratus, 

pierced  55 

Teredina,  resembling 

teredo  10 

Teredo,  Gr.  a  worm  that 

bores  wood  11 

Testacella,  Lat.  a  little 

shell  61 

Tornatella,  torno,  to  turn 

in  a  lathe  74 

Tridacna,  Gr.  three  bites  41 
Trigonia,  Gr.  three 

corners  35 

Triton,  Lat.  a  sea  deity  84 
Trochus,  Lat.  a  child's 

top  76 

Tubicinella,  Lat.  a  little 

trumpet  6 

Turbinella,  like  turbo  80 
Turbo,  Lat.  a  wreath  77 
Turrilites,  turris,  a  tow- 
er 107 
Turritella,  turris,  a  little 

tower  79 

Umbrella,  Lat.  a  little 

shade  59 

Ungulina,  ungula,  a  hoof  16 
Unio,  Lat.  a  pearl  36 

Valvata,  valva,  a  folding 

door  70 

Vermetus,  vermis  a  worm  75 
Venericardia,  allied  to 

Venus  and  cardium  28 
Venerupis,  venus  and 

rupis,    Venus   of  the 

rocks  18 

Venus,  name  of  a  God- 
dess, 27 
Vermilia,  vermis,  a  worm  5 
Vitrina,  vitrum,  glass  62 
Voluta,  Lat.  a  volute  or 

scroll  92 

Volvaria,  from  volvo.  to 

roll  94 

Vorticialis,  from  vortex, 

a  whirlpool  105 

Vulsella,  Lat.  tweezers  52 


Xll 


INDEX. 


O'strea,  Lat.  an  oyster       51 

O'tion,  Gr.  a  little  ear         8 
O'vula,from  ovunij  an  egg  94 

Pa\udina,palus,  a  marsh    70 

Pandora,  alluding  to  Pan- 
dora's box  17 

Panopa?a,  Gr.  all  aperture  12 

Parmacella,  parma,  a  lit- 
tle shield  61 

Parmophorus,  Gr.  shield 
bearing  59 

Patella,   Lat.     a  bason, 
the  knee  pan  58 

Pecten,  Lat.  a  comb  48 

Pectinaria,     pecten,      a 
comb  4 

Pectunculus,  Lat.  a  shell 
fish  33 

Pedum,   Lat.     a    shep- 
herd's crook  47 

Perna,  Gr.  a  gammon  of 
bacon,  pig's  foot  44 

Petricola,  Lat.   inhabit- 
ing rocks  18 

Phasianella,  phasianus,  a 
little  pheasant  78 

Pholas,  Gr.  a  burrow  — 
to  pierce  11 

Phyllidia  57 

Phylliroe  108 

Physa  68 

Pillopsis,  Gr.  like  a  bon- 
net 60 

Pinna,   Lat.  a  plume  or 
feather  43 

Pirena,  Gr.  the  point  of 
a  sword  70 

Placentula,   Lat.  a  little 
cake  104 

Placuna,    Gr.    a  broad 
table  52 

PIagiostoma,Gr.  oblique 
mouth  48 

Pianaxis,  Lat.  flattened 
axis  ?  78 

Planorbis,  planus,   and 
orbis,  flat  orb  68 


Pleurobranchus,    Gr. 

branchia?  at  the  side        59 
Pleurotoma,  Gr.   having 

the  edge  cleft  80 

Plicatula,  plica,  a  fold  or 

wrinkle  49 

Pneumodermon,  Gr.  skin 

like  lungs  57 

Podopsis,  Gr.  like  a  foot  50 
Pollicipes,  polleXj  the 

thumb   'and    pes,  the 

foot,  great  toe  8 

Polygyra,      Gr.     many 

whorls  64 

Polystomella,  Gr.  many 

mouthed  105 

Psammdbia,    Gr.  living 

in  sand  19 

Pterocera,     Gr.  horned 

wing  85 

Pterotrachea,  Gr.  wing- 
ed trachea  108 
Pupa,  Lat.  a  puppet  65 
Piirpura,    Lat.     a   shell 

producing  purple  87 

Pyramidella,  pyramis,  a 

pyramid  67 

Pyrgoma,  Gr.  a  tower  8 
Pyrula,  pyrum,  a  little 

pear  81 

Radiolites,  radius,  a  ray  53 
Ranella,  a  little  frog  82 
Renulites,  from  ren,  the 

kidney  101 

Ricinula,  (ricinus,)  like 

the  castor  oil  seed  87 

Rostellaria,   (rostellum,) 

a  little  beak  84 

Rotalites,  (rota,)  a  wheel  103 
Rotella,  Lat.  a  very 

small  wheel  76 

Sabellaria,     sabulum, 

coarse  sand  4 

Sanguinolana,  sanguis, 

blood  19 

Saxicava,  saxum,  a  rock 
and  cavOj  to  hollow        18 


INDEX. 


Xlll 


Scalaria,  scala,   a   flight 
of  steps  75 

Sepia,   from    sepio,     to 
cover  or  conceal  108 

Septaria,  septum,  a  divi- 
sion 10 

Serpula,  serpulla,  a  ser- 
pent 5 

Siderolites,  from  sidus, 
a  star  104 

Sigaretus  63 

Siliquaria,  siliqua,  a  bean 
pod  3 

Solarium,   Lat.  a     sun- 
dial 76 

Solen,    Gr.     a    pipe   or 
tube  12 

Solenomya,  allied  to  so- 
len  and  mya  16 

Spha3rulites,  spherula,  a 
little  globe  53 

Spirolinites,  from  spirula  102 

Spirorbis,  spira  and  orbis, 
a  spiral  orb  5 

Spirula,     Lat.    a     little 
spire  100 

Spondylus,   Gr.  prickly 
head  of  an  artichoke        49 

Stomatella,  Gr.   a   little 
mouth  63 

Stomatia,     Gr.    like    a 
mouth  64 

Strombus,  Lat.  a  sort  of 
shell  fish  85 

Struthiolaria,  Gr.  an  os- 
trich 82 

Succinea,     Lat.    amber 
colored  66 

Symphinota,  Gr.  united 
at  the  back  38 

Tellenides,  Gr.  like  tel- 
lina  21 

Tellina,  Gr.  the  name  of 
a  swift  fish  20 

Terebellum,  Lat.  a  little 
auger  96 

Terebella,  Lat.   a  little 
auger  4 


Terebratula,   terebratus, 

pierced  55 

Teredina,  resembling 

teredo  10 

Teredo,  Gr.  a  worm  that 

bores  wood  11 

Testacella,  Lat.  a  little 

shell  61 

Tornatella,  tornOj  to  turn 

in  a  lathe  74 

Tridacna,  Gr.  three  bites  41 
Trigonia,  Gr.  three 

corners  35 

Triton,  Lat.  a  sea  deity  84 
Trochus,  Lat.  a  child's 

top  76 

Tubicinella,  Lat.  a  little 

trumpet  6 

Turbinella,  like  turbo  80 
Turbo,  Lat.  a  wreath  77 
Turrilites,  turris,  a  tow- 
er 107 
Turritella,  turris,  a  little 

tower  79 

Umbrella,  Lat.  a  little 

shade  59 

Ungulina,  ungula,  a  hoof  16 
Unio,  Lat.  a  pearl  36 

Valvata,  valva,  a  folding 

door  70 

Vermetus,  vermis  a  worm  75 
Venericardia,  allied  to 

Venus  and  cardium  28 
Venerupis,  venus  and 

rupis,    Venus   of  the 

rocks  18 

Venus,  name  of  a  God- 
dess, 27 
Vermilia,  vermis,  a  worm  5 
Vitrina,  vitrum,  glass  62 
Voluta,  Lat.  a  volute  or 

scroll  92 

Volvaria,  from  volvo.  to 

roll  94 

Vorticialis,  from  vortex, 

a  whirlpool  105 

Vulsella,  Lat.  tweezers  52 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE   PLATE. 


a.    Spire 
6.    Body  whorl 

r.  Area,  or  anterior  slope 
5.  Areola,  or  posterior  slope 

c.    Beak 

t.  Beaks 

d.  Base 

u.  Hinge 

c.    Canal 

v.  Ligament 

/.   Aperture 

w.  Disc 

g.  Lahrum,  or  outer  lip 

x.  Umbo,  or  nates 

h.  Labium,  or  columellar  lip 

y.  Base 

t.    Whorls 

z.  Length 

k.  Suture 

a*  Breadth 

I.   Apex,  or  vertex 

b*  Auricles 

m.  Back 

c*  Left  valve 

n.  Varices 

d*  Right  valve 

o.  Columella 

e*  Valves 

p.  Septa,  or  dissepiments 
q.  Umbilicus 

f*  Lunutej  or  anus 
g*  Corselet,  or  escutcheon 

SYNOPSIS 


LAMARCK'S  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  LINIMEAN  GENERA. 


LINHJEUS.        LAMAKCK.                        LINNAEUS.     LAMARCK. 

Chiton. 

Chiton. 
Chitonellus.                          Donax. 

Donax. 
Capsa. 

f  Tubicinella. 
Coronula. 

Petricola. 
'  Venus. 

Balanus. 

Venerupis. 

Acasta. 

Corbis. 

Lepas. 

Creusia. 

Lucina. 

Anatifera.                             Venus.  4 

Crassina. 

Pollicipes. 

Galatea. 

Cineras. 

Cyprina. 

Otion. 

Cytherea. 

Venericardia. 

Pholas. 

Gastrochsna.                 gpondylus.  \  Spondylus. 

Panopo3a.                                           f  Chama. 

Glycymeris.                                           Cardita. 

Mya. 

Anatina.                                               Cypricardia. 
Corbula.                               Chama.  <  Isocardia. 

Unio.                                                    Etheria. 

Hyria.                                                   Tridacna. 

Vulsella.                                             [  Hippopus. 

f  Solen.                                                (  Area. 

Solen.  <  Sanguinolaria.                          .        }  Cucullea. 
(  Hiatella.                                        *'  )  Pectunculus. 

Tellina.                                              '  Nucula. 

Tellenides. 

Ostraea,, 

Pandora. 

Crenatula. 

Tellina. 

Psammobia. 

Perna. 

Psammotea.                          nctrrpo 

Malleus. 

Cyclas.                                           a>  ' 

Pedum. 

Cyrena. 

Lima. 

Cardium.    Cardiura. 

Gryphea. 

Pecten. 

f  Mactra. 

Mactra.  }  Lutraria.                        Argonauta. 
(  Crassatella. 

Argonauta. 
Carinaria. 

1 

SYNOPSIS. 


Anomia. 


Mytilus. 


Pinna. 


Nautilus. 


Conus. 
Cypraea, 


Bulla. 


Yoluta. 


Euccinum.  < 


Trochus. 


Nerita. 


I  Anomia. 
Lacuna. 
Crania. 
Orbicula. 
Terebratula. 
Hyalaea. 

Mytilus. 

Saxicava. 

Anodonta. 

Iridina. 

Modiola. 

Avicula. 

Meleagrina. 

Pinna. 

Nautilus. 

Orthocera. 

Nodosaria. 

Spirula. 

Cristellaria. 

Orbiculina. 

Polystomella. 

Conus. 

Cypraea. 
f  Bulla. 

Bullaea. 

Bulimus. 
^  Achatina. 

Physa. 
I  Ovula. 
|/rerebellum. 
"  Voluta. 

Auricula. 

Ancilla. 

Tornatella. 

Turbinella. 

Cancellaria. 

Columbella. 

Mitra. 

Marginella. 

Volvaria. 

Oliva. 

Buccinum. 

Concholepas. 

Phasianella. 

Planaxis. 

Cassidaria. 

Cassis. 

Purpura. 

Monoceros^ 

Harpa. 

Dolium. 

K  burn  a. 

Terebra. 

Trochus. 
I  Pyramidella*. 
1  Solarium. 
[  Rotella. 
(  Nerita. 
\  Navicella. 
)  Neritina. 
(  Natica. 


f  Strombusv 

j  Pirena. 

Strombus.  <  Cerithium. 

Rostellaria. 

I  Pteroceras. 

'Murex. 

Fasciolaria. 

Fusus. 

Pyrula. 

Murex.  « 

Siruthiolaria. 

Ranella. 

Triton. 

Ricinula. 

Pleurotoma, 

f  Turbo. 

Pupa. 



Clausilia. 
Scalaria. 

Delphinula. 

Turritella. 

'  Helix. 

Paludina. 

Carocolla. 

Anastoma. 

Helicina. 

Bulimus. 

Succinea. 

Helix.  < 

Cyclostoma. 
Planorbis. 

Lymnaea. 

Melauia. 

Melanopsia. 

Valvata. 

Ampullaria. 

Janthina. 

Sigaretus. 

Haliotis. 

'Haliotis. 
Stomatia. 

'Patella. 

Lingula. 

Umbrella. 

Parmoplioms. 

Patella.  < 

Emarginula. 
Fissurella. 

Pileopsis. 

Calyptraa. 

Crepidula. 

Ancylus. 

Stomatella. 

Dentalium.     Dentalium. 

f  Serpula. 

Siliquaria. 

Spirorbis. 

Vermilia. 

Serpula.^  Aspergillum. 

Septafia. 

Vermetus. 

|  Galeolaria. 

^Magilus. 

Teredo. 

Teredo. 
Fistulana. 

GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 


ANNULATA 

Forms  the  Ninth  Class  of  Lamarck's  Division 
of  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

SEDENTARY  ANNULATA 
Compose  the  third  Order  of  this  class*. 
They  are  usually  found  attached  to  marine 
substances,  and  inhabit  membranous  or  horny 
tubes,  more  or  less  encrusted  with  grains  of 
sand  and  fragments  of  shells. 

DORSALIA. 

ARENICOLA  —  has  no  shell. 

SILIQUARIA.  Shell  tubular,  irregularly  con- 
torted, tapering  posteriorly,  sometimes  spiral 
at  base,  open  at  its  anterior  extremity,  having 
a  longitudinal,  subarticulate  fissure  throughout 
its  length. 

S.  anguina,.  muricata,  laevigata,  terebella,  lactea,  lima, 
spinosa. 


4  GENERA    OF  SHELLS. 

MALDANIA. 

Tube  open  at  both  extremities. 

CLYMENE.  Tube  slender,  open  at  both 
ends,  encrusted  exteriorly  with  grains  of  sand 
and  fragments  of  shells. 

C.  amphistoma. 

DENTALIUM.  Tube  testaceous,  nearly  regu- 
lar, slightly  curved,  gradually  tapering  towards 
the  posterior  extremity,  and  open  at  both  ends. 

(a.)   Tube  with  longitudinal  ribs  or  striae. 
D.  elephantinum,   aprinum,  sulcatum,   fasciatum,   octo- 
gonum,   cleforme,   novemcostatum,   scxangulare,    striatum, 
dentalis,  pseudo-antalis,  radicula. 

(b.)  Tube  without  ribs  or  strice. 

D.  antalis,  arietinum,  corneum,  nigrum,  politum,  ebur- 
neum,  clava,  fissura,  coarctatum. 

AMPHITRITEA. 

Tube  membranous  or  corneous  ;  more  or  less  sandy. 

PECTINARIA.  Tube  an  inverted  cone,  mem- 
branaceous  or  paper-like,  sandy,  not  attached. 

P.  belgica,  capensis, 

SABELLARIA.  Tubes  numerous,  united  in  a 
common  honeycomb  mass  above  ;  composed 
of  agglutinated  grains  of  sand  and  fragments 
of  shells  ;  orifices  cup-shaped. 

S.  alveolata,  crassissima. 

TEREBELLA.  Tube  elongated,  cylindrical, 
attenuated  and  pointed  at  base,  membranous, 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  5 

with  grains  of  sand  and  fragments  of  shells 
adhering  ;  open  at  apex  only. 

T.  conchilega,  cristate,  ventricosa. 

AMPHITRITE.  Tube  elongated,  cylindrical, 
attenuated  at  base,  membranaceous  or  coria- 
ceous, generally  naked  exteriorly. 

A.  ventilabrum,  penicillus,  magnifica,  vesiculosa,  voluta- 
cornis,  infundibulum. 

SERPULEA. 

Tube  solid  and  calcareous. 

SPIRORBIS.  Tube  testaceous,  convoluted 
into  an  orbicular,  discoidal  spire ;  flattened 
and  fixed  at  base. 

S.  nautiloides,  spirillum,  carinata,  lamellosa,  tricostale. 

SERPULA.  Tubes  solid,  calcareous,  irregu- 
larly convoluted,  grouped  or  solitary,  attached 
to  marine  bodies ;  aperture  terminal,  rounded, 
very  simple. 

S.  vermicularis,  fascicularis,  intestinum,  contortuplicata, 
plicaria,  glomerata,  decussata,  protensa,  infundibulum,  annu- 
lata,cereolus,filograna,vermicella,  filaria,  pellucida,  minima, 
echinata,  sulcata,  costalis,  dentifera,  sipho,  arenaria. 

VERMILIA.  Tube  testaceous,  cylindrical,  in- 
sensibly tapering  posteriorly,  more  or  less  con- 
torted, fixed  by  the  side  to  marine  bodies  ; 
aperture  rounded,  margin  often  armed  with 
one,  two,  or  three  teeth. 

V.  rostrata,  triquetra,  bicarinata,  eruca,  subcrenata,  plici- 
fera,  scabra,  toeniata. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 


GALEOLARIA.  Tubes  testaceous,  very  nume- 
rous, cylindrical,  subangular,  raised,  undated, 
grouped,  fixed  at  base,  open  at  summit ;  aper- 
ture orbicular,  edge  terminating  at  one  side  by 
a  tongue.  Operculum  furnished  above  with 
from  five  to  nine  pieces  attached  to  the  edge 
by  one  side. 

G.  caespitosa,  elongata. 

MAGILUS.  Base  of  the  shell  convoluted  into 
a  short,  oval,  snail-like  spiral ;  four  contiguous 
whorls  convex,  the  last  largest,  and  prolonged 
into  an  undulated  tube.  Tube  convex  above, 
carinated  beneath,  slightly  depressed  and 
plaited  at  the  sides.  Folds  lamellar,  undu- 
lated, thicker  at  one  side  than  the  other. 

M.  antiquus. 


CLASS  X.  — CIRRHIPEDA. 

Shell  sessile,  or  elevated  on  a  flexible,  tendinous 
pedicle,  sometimes  movable,  sometimes  fixed; 
the  inside  covered  by  the  mantle  of  the 
animal. 

ORDER  I.  — SESSILE  CIRRHIPEDA. 

Shells  fixed  on  marine  bodies. 
TUBICINELLA.     Shell  univalve,  operculated, 
tubular,  erect,  surrounded  with  transverse  ribs, 


GENERA  OF  SHELLS.  7 

truncated  at  both  extremities,  open  at  summit, 
closed  at  base  by  a  membrane. 

T.  balaenarum. 

CORONULA.  Shell  sessile,  apparently  uni- 
valve, suborbicular,  conoid  or  obtusely  conic, 
truncated  at  extremities  ;  parietes  very  thick, 
interiorly  excavated  into  longitudinal  cells. 
Operculum  with  four  obtuse  valves. 

C.  diadema,  balgenaris,  testudinaria,  denticulata. 

BALANUS.  Shell  sessile,  attached,  univalve, 
conic,  truncated  at  summit,  closed  at  base  by 
the  adhering  testaceous  lamina  ;  aperture  sub- 
triangular  or  elliptical.  Operculum  interior, 
quadrivalve  ;  valves  movable. 

B.  angulosus,  sulcatus,  tintinnabulum,  nigrescens,  cylin- 
draceus,  calycularis,  roseus,  ovularis,  miser,  amphimorphus, 
perforates,  laevis,  spinosus,  radiatus,  palmatus,  stalactiferus, 
plicatus,  duplocomus,  patellaris,  semiplicatus,  galeatus,  sub- 
imbricatus,  rugosus,  plancianus,  pustularis,  crispatus,  punc- 
tatus,  fistulosus,  latus  —  geniculatus. 

ACASTA.  Shell  sessile,  ovate,  subconic,  com- 
posed of  separable  pieces  ;  cone  formed  of  six 
equal,  adnate,  lateral  valves,  having  an  orbi- 
cular plate  at  base,  internally  concave,  resem- 
bling a  patella  or  basin.  Operculum  four 
valved. 

A.  montagui,  glans,  sulcata. 

CREUSIA.  Shell  sessile,  fixed,  orbicular,  con- 
vexo-conic,  quadrivalve  ;  valves  unequal,  ad- 


8  ,          GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

nate,  with  distinct  sutures.     Operculum  inte- 
rior, bivalve. 

C.  stomia,  spinulosa,  verruca. 

PYRGOMA.  Shell  sessile,  univalve,  globose, 
ventricose,  convex  above,  perforated  at  summit, 
aperture  small,  elliptical.  Operculum  bivalve; 

P.  cancellata. 

ORDER  II.  —  P^DUNCULATED  CIRRHIPEDA. 

Body  supported  by  a  coriaceous,  movable,  tubular  pedun- 
cle, the  base  of  which  is  fixed  to  marine  substances. 
Shell  composed  of  contiguous  pieces. 

ANATIFERA.  Shell  compressed  at  sides,  five 
valved  ;  valves  contiguous,  unequal,  lower  one 
of  the  side  valves  largest. 

A.  laevis,  villosa,  dentata,  striata,  vitrea. 

POLL.ICIPES.  Shell  compressed  at  sides, 
multivalve ;  valves  nearly  contiguous,  unequal, 
thirteen  or  more,  lower  one  of  the  side  valves 
smallest. 

P.  cornucopia?,  mitella,  scalpellurn,  villosus. 
Shell  composed  of  distant  pieces. 

CINERAS.  Shell  of  five  oblong,  separate 
valves,  not  covering  the  body  entirely,  two  at 
the  aperture,  the  others  dorsaL 

C.  vittata. 

OTION.  Shell  of  two  small,  semilunar,  sepa- 
rate, testaceous  valves,  adhering  laterally  near 
the  aperture. 

O.  Cuvieri,  Blainvillii. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  9 


CLASS  XL  — CONCHIFERA. 

Shell  always  bivalve,  wholly  or  partly  covering 
the  animal ;  sometimes  free,  sometimes  fixed ; 
valves  mostly  joined  at  the  margin  by  a  hinge 
or  ligament;  the  shell  is  sometimes  enlarged 
by  testaceous,  accessory  pieces,  not  belonging 
to  the  valves. 

ORDER  L  — CONCH.  BIMUSCULOSA. 

Shell  presenting  in  the  interior  two  separate  and  lateral 

muscular  impressions- 

SECTION  I.  — CONCH.  CRASSIPEDA. 
Shell  gaping  at  the  sides  when  shut. 

TUBICOLARIA. 

Shell  either  contained  in  a  testaceous  tube,  distinct  from  its 
valves,  or  encrusted,  wholly  or  in  part,  in  the  parities  of 
this  tube,  or  projecting  from  it. 

The  conchifera  of  this  family  are  borers,  and  bury 
themselves  in  stones,  wood  and  thick  shells,  but  some 
remain  in  the  sand.  These,  as  well  as  the  pholades, 
consist  essentially  of  two  similar,  equal  and  regular 
valves,  jointed  like  a  hinge.  In  consequence  of  their 
having  accessory  pieces,  but  which  do  not  properly 
belong  to  the  valves,  these  shells  have  been  mistaken 
for  multivalves. 

ASPERGILLUM.  Sheath  tubular,  testaceous, 
tapering  and  open  anteriorly,  and  terminated 
posteriorly  by  an  enlarged  mass,  presenting  at 
one  side  the  two  valves  imbedded  in  its  pari- 


10  GENERA   OP   SHELLS. 

etes  ;  terminal  disc  of  the  club  convex,  pierced 
by  numerous  sub-tubular  holes,  with  a  central 
fissure. 

It  has  been  erroneously  supposed  that  the  asper- 
gillum  is  fixed  to  rocks  by  its  smaller  end,  which  is 
necessarily  open. 

A.  Javanum,  vagi riife rum,  NovaB  Zelandise,  agglutinans. 

CLAVIGELLA.  Sheath  tubular,  testaceous, 
tapering  and  open  anteriorly,  and  terminated 
posteriorly  by  an  oval,  subcompressed  mass, 
bristled  with  spiniform  tubes  ;  mass  presenting 
at  one  side  one  valve  imbedded  in  its  parietes, 
the  other  free  in  the  tube. 

C.  cristala,  echinata,  tibialis,  Brocchii. 

FISTULANA.  Sheath  tubular,  generally  tes- 
taceous, more  turgid  and  closed  posteriorly, 
attenuated  anteriorly,  open  at  summit,  con- 
taining a  free,  bivalve  shell ;  valves  equal  and 
gaping  when  closed. 

F.  cJava,  corniformis,  gregata,  lagenula. 

SEPTARIA.  Tube  very  long,  gradually  atten- 
uated at  base,  divided  interiorly  by  vaulted  par- 
titions, anterior  extremity  terminated  by  two 
other  slender  tubes,  not  divided  interiorly. 

The  septariaB  are  little  more  than  large  Fistulanre,  and 
scarcely  deserve  to  be  made  into  a  separate  genus. 
S.  arenaria. 

TEREDINA.  Sheath  testaceous,  tubular,  cyl- 
indrical, posterior  extremity  closed,  presenting 


GENERA  OF   SHELLS.  H 

the  two  valves  of  the  shell ;  anterior  extremity 
open. 

T.  personata,  vacillum. 

TEREDO.  Tube  testaceous,  cylindrical,  tor- 
tuous, open  at  both  extremities,  independent 
of  the  shell,  and  covering  the  animal ;  shell 
bivalve,  situated  posteriorly  outside  of  the 
tube. 

The  teredines  do  great  mischief  to  ships,  by  boring 
their  planks,  &C. 

T.  navalis,  palmulatus. 

PHOLADARIA. 

Shell  without  a  tubular  sheath,  having  accessory  pieces  which 
do  not  belong  to  the  valves,  and  gapes  anteriorly ;  liga- 
ment external. 

PHOLAS.  Shell  bivalve,  equivalve,  trans- 
verse, gaping  at  each  side  ;  various  accessory 
valves  above  or  below  the  hinge  ;  inferior  or 
posterior  margin  of  the  valves  recurved  out- 
wards. 

The  additional  valves  are  always  smaller  than  the 
true  valves,  and  must  be  considered  as  accessory,  be- 
cause their  number  varies  with  the  species. 

P.  dactylus,  orientalis,  Candida,  dactyloides,  silicula,  cos- 
tata,  crispata,  callosa,  clavata,  —  oblongata,  truncata,  cunei- 
formis,  pusillus. 

GASTROCHCENA.  Shell  bivalve,  equivalve, 
subcuneiform,  widely  gaping ;  anterior  open- 
ing very  large,  oval,  oblique ;  the  posterior 


12  GENERA    OF   SHELLS. 

very  slight.     Hinge  linear,  marginal,  without 
teeth. 

G.  cuneiformis,  mytiloides,  modioJina. 

SOLENACEA. 

Shell  without  accessory  pieces,  and  gaping  only  at  the  lateral 

extremities  ;  ligament  external. 

The  solenacea  bury  themselves  in  the  sand,  but  do 
not  perforate  wood  or  stone. 

SOLEN.  Shell  bivalve,  equivalve,  elongated 
transversely,  gaping  at  both  ends,  with  small, 
inconspicuous  beaks  ;  cardinal  teeth  small,  va- 
riable in  number,  sometimes  wanting,  rarely 
diverging,  more  rarely  received  into  grooves  ; 
ligament  external. 

S.  vagina,  corneus,  vaginoides,  siliqua,  ensis,  pygmaeus, 
ambiguus,  cultellus,  planus,  minutus,  legumen,  Dombeii, 
Javanicus,  Caribaeus,  antiquatus,  constrictus,  coarctatus,  stri- 
gilalus,  radiatus,  violaceus,  rostratus,  —  costatus,  centralis, 
viridis. 

PANOPJEA.  Shell  equivalve,  transverse,  une- 
qually gaping  at  the  sides,  a  conic,  cardinal 
tooth  on  each  valve,  and  a  compressed,  short, 
ascending  callosity  by  its  side,  not  projecting 
outwards ;  ligament  exterior,  on  the  longer 
side,  fixed  to  the  callosities. 

The  Panopsea  differs  from  the  glycimeris,  by  having 
cardinal  teeth,  and  by  the  ligament  being  on  the  long- 
est side ;  from  the  solen  by  the  greater  projection  of 
the  beaks,  and  from  mya  by  the  ligament  being  ex- 
ternal. 

P.  aldrovandi. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  13 

GLYCIMERIS.  Shell  transverse,  widely  gap- 
ing at  each  side ;  hinge  callous,  toothless. 
Nymphse  prominent ;  ligament  exterior. 

The  glycimeris  differs  from  solen  and  saxicava,  by 
having  the  ligament  on  the  shortest  side,  and  also  from 
solen,  by  having  no  cardinal  tooth. 
G.  siliqua.  arctica. 

MYARIA. 

Ligament  internal ;  hazing  one  large  spoon-shaped  tooth  in 
each  valve,  or  in  one  only,  to  the  cavity  of  which  the  liga- 
ment is  attached.  Shell  gaping  at  one  or  both  sides. 

MYA.  Shell  bivalve,  transverse,  gaping  at 
both  ends.  Left  valve  with  a  large,  com- 
pressed, rounded  cardinal  tooth,  projecting 
almost  vertically  ;  a  cardinal  fossa  in  the  other 
valve  ;  ligament  interior,  inserted  into  the  tooth 
and  fossa  of  the  opposite  valves. 

M.  truncata,  arenaria,  erodona,  solemyalis, —  acuta,  mer- 
cenaria,  hyalina. 

ANATINA.  Shell  transverse,  subequivalve, 
gaping  at  one  or  both  sides,  cardinal  tooth 
naked,  dilated,  spoon-shaped,  projecting  in- 
wardly, inserted  on  each  valve,  and  receiving 
the  ligament ;  a  lamina  or  falciform  rib  adnate 
and  running  obliquely  below  the  cardinal  teeth 
in  most. 

Anatina  differs  from  my  a,  by  having  two  spoon- 
shaped  teeth,  instead  of  one. 

A.  laterna,  truncata,  subrostrata,  longirostris,  globulosa, 
trapezoides,  rugosa,  imperfecta,  myalis,  rupicola  —  papy- 
ratia,  Leana. 


14  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

SECT.  II.  — CONCH1FERA  TENUIPEDA. 

Lateral  gaping  inconsiderable. 

Div.  I.  —  LIGAMENT  INTERNAL,  WITH  OR  WITHOUT 

AN   EXTERNAL    LIGAMENT. 

MACTRACEA. 

Shell  equivalve,  mostly  gaping  at  the  lateral  extremities  ;  lig- 
ament internal,  with  or  without  an  external  one. 

I.  LIGAMENT  ALWAYS  INTERNAL. 
(1.)  Shells  gaping  at  the  sides. 

LUTRARIA.  Shell  inequilateral,  transversely 
oblong  or  rounded,  gaping  at  the  lateral  ex- 
tremities ;  hinge  with  one  tooth  plaited  to 
resemble  two,  or  two  teeth,  one  simple,  with 
an  adjacent  deltoid-oblique  pit  projecting  in- 
wards ;  lateral  teeth  none  ;  ligament  interior, 
fixed  in  the  cardinal  pits. 

Lutraria  is  distinguished  from  mactra,  by  having 
no  lateral  teeth. 

(a.)  Shell  transversely  oblong. 
L.  solenoides,.  eUiptica,  rugosa,  lineata. 

(b.)  Shell  orbicular  and  subtriangular. 
L.  compressa,  piperita,  tellinoides,  Candida,  papyracea,, 
plicatella,  crassiplica,  —  eanaliculata. 

MACTRA.  Shell  transverse,  inequilateral, 
subtriangular,  gaping  a  little  at  the  sides,  beaks 
prominent ;  cardinal  tooth  on  each  valve  com- 
pressed, grooved,  with  a  projecting  fossa  adja- 
cent ;  two  lateral  teeth  near  the  hinge,  com- 
pressed, entering  ;  ligament  interior,  inserted 
into  the  cardinal  fossa. 


GENERA   OF   SHE'ULS..  15 

If  the  pit  be  very  large,  the  cardinal  tooth  is  very 
oblique,  short,  and  often  partly  obliterated ;  but  the 
lateral  teeth  always  exist. 

M.  gigantea,  spengleri,  striatella,  carinata,  helvacea,  gran- 
dis,  stultorum,  maculosa,  straminea,  australis,  violacea,  fas- 
eiata,  turgida,  plicataria,  rufescens,  maeulata,  subplicata, 
iriangularis,  lactea,  abbreviata,  ovalina,  alba,  solida,  cas- 
tanea,  rufa,  squalida,  Brasiliana,  donacia^  depressa,  lilacea, 
trigonella,  deltoides,  crassatella,  —  similis,  laleralis,  oblonga, 
solidissima,  arctata,  tellinoides,  nucleus. 

(2.)  Shell  not  gaping  at  sides. 

CRASSATELLA.  Shell  inequilateral,  subor- 
bicular  or  transverse,  closed ;  cardinal  teeth 
two,  subdivergent,  with  a  lateral  pit ;  ligament 
interior  inserted  into  the  pit  of  each  valve  ; 
lateral  teeth  wanting  or  obsolete. 

Crassatella  is  distinguished  from  mactra  and  lutraria 
by  the  valves,  when  shut,  being  quite  close  on  both 
sides.  In  a  few  species,  the  ligament  appears  a  little 
on  the  outside.  They  are  all  sea  shells,  and  generally 
become  very  thick  by  age. 

C.  kingicola,  donacina,  sulcata,  rostrata,  glabrata,  subra- 
diata,  contraria,  cuneata,  erycinaea,  cycladea,  striata. 

ERYCINA.  Shell  transverse,  subinequilateral, 
equivalve,  rarely  gaping ;  cardinal  teeth  two, 
unequal,  diverging,  having  a  pit  interposed ; 
lateral  teeth  two,  oblong,  compressed,  short, 
entering  ;  ligament  interior,  fixed  to  the  pit. 

One  of  the  cardinal  teeth  joining  the  base  of  the 
lateral  tooth,  has  been  sometimes  mistaken  for  a  bifid 
tooth ;  but  the  corresponding  hollow  on  the  opposite 
valvevshows  that  idea  to  be  erroneous. 

E.  cardioides — striata. 


16  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

II.  LIGAMENT  APPEARING  OUTSIDE  ;  OR,  BEING  DOUBLE, 

HAS  ONE  INTERNAL,  AND  THE  OTHER  EXTERNAL. 

UNGULINA.  Shell  longitudinal,  or  subtrans- 
verse,  rounded  above,  subequilateral ;  valves 
closed,  beaks  decorticated,  a  short,  sub-bifid 
cardinal  tooth  in  each  valve,  with  an  oblong 
marginal  pit  adjacent,  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  ligament  interior,  inserted  in  the  pits. 

The  ungulinee  are  furrowed  externally,  and  tinged 
red  on  the  inside. 

U.  oblonga,  transversa. 

SOLENOMYA.  Shell  inequilateral,  equivalve, 
transversely  oblong,  obtuse  at.  extremities ; 
margined  by  a  projecting,  shining  epidermis, 
beak  not  prominent,  scarcely  distinct;  a  dila- 
ted, compressed,  very  oblique  cardinal  tooth 
in  each  valve,  slightly  concave  above,  receiv- 
ing the  ligament ;  ligament  partly  interior  and 
partly  exterior. 

The  solenomyae  resemble  the  mya  at  first  sight,  but 
are  allied  by  their  characters  to  the  solen,  and  still 
more  to  the  anatina.  They  are  thin  shells,  almost 
cylindrical,  with  diverging  rays  from  the  beaks  to  the 
border  and  extremities  of  the  valves. 

S.  australis,  mediterranea,  —  velum. 

AMPHIDESMA.  Shell  transverse,  inequilate- 
ral, suboval  or  rounded,  sometimes  a  little  gap- 
ing at  sides.  Hinge  with  one  or  two  Jeeth,  and 
a  narrow  fossa  for  the  interior  ligament ;  liga- 
ment double  ;  one  exterior,  short,  and  one  in- 


GENERA  OF  SHELLS.  17 

terior,  fixed  in  the  cardinal  fossa ;  sometimes 
there  are  more  or  less  prominent  lateral  teeth  ; 
the  shells  are  generally  small. 

A.  variegata,  donacilla,  lactea,  cornea,  albella,  lucinalis, 
Boysii,  tenuis,  flexuosa,  prismatica,  phaseolina,  corbuloides, 
glabrella,  purpurascens,  nucleola,  physoides,  reticulata, 
transversum,  orbiculata,  equalis,  punctata,  radiata,  lepida. 

CORBULEA. 

Shell  inequivalve  ;  ligament  interior. 

CORBULA.  Shell  regular,  inequivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, gaping  none,  or  very  little.  A  conic, 
curved,  ascending  cardinal  tooth  on  each  valve, 
and  a  lateral  fossa ;  no  lateral  teeth  ;  ligament 
interior,  fixed  in  the  fossa. 

The  corbulse  are  distinguished  from  the  ungulinao 
and  crassatelJae  by  the  inequality  of  their  valves,  and 
by  the  strong,  prominent  cardinal  tooth,  which  charac- 
terises them. 

C.  australis,  sulcata,  erythrodon,  ovalina,  taitensis,  nucleus, 
impressa,  porcina,  semen,  —  contracta. 

PANDORA.  Shell  regular,  inequivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, transversely  oblong,  superior  valve 
flattened,  inferior  convex  ;  two  oblong,  diverg- 
ing, unequal  cardinal  teeth  in  the  upper  valve; 
two  oblong  depressions  on  the  other ;  ligament 
interior. 

The  pandora  is  distinguished  from  placuna  by  hav- 
ing two  muscular  impressions,  and  from  the  chamacea 
by  the  shell  being  regular  and  free. 

P.  rostrata,  obtusa,  —  trilineata. 
2 


18  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

LITHOPHAGA. 

Boring  shells,  without  accessory  pieces  or  sheath,  and  more  or 
less  gaping  at  their  anterior  side  ;  ligament  exterior. 

SAXICAVA.  Shell  bivalve,  transverse,  ine- 
quilateral, gaping  anteriorly  and  at  the  supe- 
rior margin.  Hinge  nearly  toothless  ;  ligament 
exterior. 

Sometimes  the  hinge  has  two  distant,  scarcely  denti- 
form tuberosities.  The  shells  are  short  and  obtuse 
posteriorly,  anteriorly  longer,  flatter,  and  often  trun- 
cated. They  are  small  or  of  moderate  size. 

S.  rugosa,  gallicana,  pholadis,  australis,  veneriformis, 
distorta. 

PETRICOLA.  Shell  bivalve,  subtriangular, 
transverse,  inequilateral,  rounded  posteriorly  ; 
the  anterior  edge  sharp,  slightly  gaping.  Hinge 
with  two  teeth  in  each  valve,  or  in  one  only. 

P.  lamellosa,  ochroleuca,  semilamellata,  lucinalis,  striata, 
costellata,  roccellaria,  exilis,  ruperella,  chamoides,  pholadi- 
formis,  fabagella,  linguatula,  fomicata. 

VENERUPIS.  Shell  transverse,  inequilateral, 
posterior  side  very  short,  anterior  slightly  gap- 
ing. Hinge  with  two  teeth  on  the  right  valve, 
and  three  on  the  left,  sometimes  three  on  each  ; 
teeth  small,  approximate,  parallel,  slightly  diver- 
gent ;  ligament  exterior. 

The  hinge  of  venerupis  appears  analogous  to  that  of 
venus,  but  it  is  distinguished  by  the  cardinal  teeth. 
They  are  perforating  shells,  and  differ  from  the  petri- 
colse  by  having  three  cardinal  teeth,  at  least  on  one 
valve. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  19 

V.  perforans,  nucleus,  irus,  exotica,  distans,  crenata,  car- 
ditoides. 

NYMPHACEA. 

Two  or  more  cardinal  teeth  on  the  same  valve ;  shell  often 
gaping  slightly  at  lateral  extremities  ;  ligament  exterior  ; 
nymphce  generally  projecting  outside. 

NYMPHACEA  SOLENARIA. 

SANGUINOLARIA.  Shell  transverse,  subellip- 
tic,  slightly  gaping  at  lateral  extremities,  supe- 
rior edge  arcuated,  not  parallel  to  the  inferior. 
Hinge  with  two  approximate  teeth  on  each 
valve. 

The  sanguinolaria  is  distinguished  from  solen,  by 
the  superior  margin  not  being  parallel  to  the  inferior  ; 
they  also  gape  but  little  at  the  lateral  extremities. 

S.X)ccidens,  rosea,  livida,  rugosa. 

PSAMMOBIA.  Shell  transverse,  elliptic  or  oval 
oblong,  nearly  flat,  slightly  gaping  at  each  side, 
beaks  prominent.  Hinge  with  two  teeth  on  the 
left  valve,  and  one  fitting  between  them  on  the 
opposite  valve. 

The  psammobiae  approach  in  form  nearer  to  tellina 
than  to  solen ;  but  besides  gaping  at  the  sides,  they  have 
not  the  irregular  fold  of  the  former,  though  they  fre- 
quently have  an  angle  or  fold  of  the  same  form,  on  the 
anterior  side  of  both  valves. 

P.  virgata,  feroensis,  vespertina,  florida,  maculosa,  caeru- 
lescens,  elongata,  flavicans,  squamosa,  alba,  Cayennensis, 
laevigata,  tellinella,  pulchella,  aurantia,  fragilis,  livida,  gala- 
thsea,  lusoria,  fusca. 

PSAMMOTEA.     Shell  transverse,  oval  or  ob- 


20  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

long  oval,  slightly  gaping  at  sides  ;  a  cardinal 
tooth  in  each  valve,  sometimes  only  in  one. 

The  psamrnoteae  are  merely  degenerated  psammobiae, 
differing  merely  in  having  only  one  cardinal  tooth  on 
the  left  valve ;  or  sometimes  one  valve  has  no  teeth,  and 
the  other  two.  They  have  not  the  form  of  the  solen, 
and  their  beaks  are  prominent,  and  they  are  destitute  of 
the  irregular  fold  of  the  tellina. 

P.  violacea,  zonalis,  solenoides,  pellucida,  serotina,  Can- 
dida, tarentina,  donacina,  variegata. 

NYMPHACEA  TELLINARIA. 
I.    HAVING    ONE    OR    MORE    LATERAL    TEETH. 

TELLINA.  Shell  transverse  or  orbicular,  gen- 
erally flattened ;  anterior  side  angular,  margin 
inflexed,  or  presenting  at  the  edge  a  flexuous 
and  irregular  fold  ;  one  or  two  cardinal  teeth 
on  the  same  valve ;  two  lateral  teeth,  often  re- 
mote. 

The  tellinae  are  readily  known  by  the  flexuous  fold 
near  the  short  side  on  their  superior  margin  ;  almost 
all  of  them  have  also  lateral  teeth,  which  are  flattened 
on  one  valve.  They  are  marine  shore  shells,  slightly 
or  not  at  all  gaping  at  the  sides,  often  smooth,  some- 
times scaly,  and  in  general  adorned  with  lively  colors. 
In  the  tellina,  as  well  as  the  donax  and  capsa,  the 
ligament  is  on  the  shorter  side,  and  is  wholly  external. 
The  valves  of  the  same  shell,  though  equal  in  contour, 
are  not  perfectly  similar ;  sometimes  one  is  more  pro- 
tuberant than  the  other,  and  sometimes  the  striae  of 
one  valve,  or  of  one  of  its  sides,  are  not  like  those  on 
the  other. 

(a.  oblong.)  T.  radiata,  unimaculata,  semizonalis,  macu- 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  21 

losa,  virgata,  staurella,  crucigera,  Spengleri,  rostrata,  lati- 
rostra,  sulphurea,  foliacea,  operculata,  rosea,  chloroleuca, 
elliptica,  albinella,  margaritina,  strigosa,  planata,  punicea, 
depressa,  pulchella,  fabula,  tenuis,  exilis,  donacina,  nitida, 
scalaris,  psammotella, —  alternata,  punicea,  polita,  iris, 
tenera,  intastriata,  lateralis,  decora. 

(b.  orbicular  or  round-oval.)  T.  remies,  sulcata,  striatula, 
scobinata,  crassa,  Ia3yigata;  linguafelis,  rugosa,  lacunosa,  gar- 
gadia,  pristis,  multangula,  polygona,  capsoides,  decussata, 
Brasiliana,  obliqua,  umbonellaj  deltoidalis,  nymphalis,  soli- 
dula,  bimaculata,  sexradiata,  ostracea,  —  flexuosa. 

TELLENIDES.  Shell  transverse,  inequilate- 
ral, somewhat  flattened,  gaping  a  little  at  the 
sides  ;  beaks  small,  depressed,  margin  without 
an  irregular  fold.  Hinge  with  two  diverging 
teeth  on  each  valve  ;  lateral  teeth  two,  subob- 
solete,  the  posterior  approximated  to  the  car- 
dinal in  one  valve. 

The  tellenides  differs  from  psammobia  by  having 
lateral  teeth,  from  tell  in  a,  by  wanting  the  flexuous  mar- 
ginal fold,  and  from  lucina  by  its  gaping,  and  not  hav- 
ing the  internal  fascial  impressions. 

T.  Timorensis  —  rosea. 

CORBIS.  Shell  transverse,  equivalve,  with- 
out an  irregular  fold  at  the  anterior  margin  ; 
beaks  curved  inwards  ;  two  cardinal  teeth ; 
two  lateral,  the  posterior  nearest  the  hinge ; 
muscular  impressions  simple. 

The  corbis  is  principally  distinguished  from  the 
lucina  by  the  animal  inhabiting  it,  and  by  not  having 
one  of  the  muscular  impressions  lengthened  into  •» 


22  GENERA    OF   SHELLS. 

band,  and  from  tellina,  by  wanting  the  irregular  fold 
on  the  anterior  margin. 

C.  fimbriata  —  (Fossil)  lamellosa,  petunculus. 

LUCINA.  Shell  suborbicular,  inequilateral, 
beaks  small,  pointed  oblique.  Hinge  variable  ; 
two  cardinal  teeth,  of  which  one  is  bifid,  dis- 
appearing by  age  ;  two  lateral  teeth,  the  pos- 
terior nearest  the  cardinal ;  two  muscular  im- 
pressions distant,  the  posterior  produced  into 
a  long  band  ;  ligament  exterior. 

L.  Jamaicensis,  Pennsylvania,  edentula,  mutabilis,  radula, 
concentrica,  divaricata,  carnaria,  scabra,  reticulata,  squamosa, 
lactea,  undata,  circinaria,  columbella,  sinuata,  pecten,  lutea, 
digitalis,  globularis. 

DONAX.  Shell  transverse,  equivalve,  inequi- 
lateral, anterior  side  very  short,  very  obtuse  ; 
two  cardinal  teeth,  either  on  one  or  both 
valves ;  one  or  two  lateral  teeth,  more  or  less 
remote  ;  ligament  exterior,  short,  in  the  place 
of  the  lunule. 

This  genus  is  characterised  by  its  rather  flattened 
and  almost  triangular  shell,  and  by  having  one  or  two 
rather  distant  lateral  teeth,  separated  from  the  cardinal 
teeth,  and  analogous  to  the  lateral  teeth  of  lucina, 
corbis,  cyclas,  mactra  and  tellina.  They  are  marine 
shore  shells,  smooth  or  finely  striated,  and  often  deco- 
rated with  lively  colors. 

(a.)  Internal  margin  entire,  or  nearly  so. 

D.  scortum,  pubescens,  cuneata,  compressa,  radians,  abbre^ 
viata,  granosa,  columbella,veneriformis,  australis,  epidermia 
bicolor,  vittata,  triquetra. 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  23 

(b.)  Internal  margin  crenulated  or  toothed. 
D.  ringens,  rugosa,  Caienensis,  elongata,  denticulata,  car- 
dioides,  meroe,  scripta,  trunculus,  fabagella,  anatinum,  mar- 
tinicensis,  variabilis,  fossor. 

II.  HAVING  NO  LATERAL  TEETH. 

CAPSA.  Shell  transverse,  equivalve,  closed. 
Hinge  with  two  teeth  in  the  right  valve,  em- 
bracing a  bifid  tooth  in  the  other ;  lateral  teeth 
none;  ligament  exterior,  on  the  short  side. 

The  capsse  are  rather  inequilateral  shells,  allied  to 
the  psammobiae  and  certain  tellinaa  by  their  cardinal 
teeth,  but  they  scarcely  gape  at  the  side,  and  have  not 
the  flexuous  fold  of  tellina. 

C.  laBvigala,  Brasiliensis. 

CRASSINA.  Shell  suborbicular,  transverse, 
equivalve,  sub-inequilateral,  closed.  Hinge  with 
two  strong  diverging  teeth  on  the  right  valve, 
and  two  very  unequal  teeth  on  the  other ;  lig- 
ament exterior,  on  the  longer  side. 

The  crassina  resembles  a  small  crassatella  in  appear- 
ance, solidity  and  perfect  closeness  when  shut,  but  dif- 
fers in  the  position  of  the  ligament.  It  differs  from 
venus  by  having  only  two  teeth  on  each  valve,  those  of 
the  left  appearing  almost  like  a  single  tooth,  one  of 
them  being  large,  and  the  other  but  very  slightly  prom- 
inent. 

C.  Danmoniensis. 


24  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

SECT.  III.  — CONCHIFERA  LAMELLIPODA. 
CONCKLE. 

Three  cardinal  teeth,  at  least,  in  one  valve  ;  as  many  or  fewer 

in  the  other  ',  sometimes  lateral  teeth. 
The  conchaB  constitute  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
numerous  families  of  the  conchifera.  Their  shells  are 
equivalve,  orbicular  or  transverse,  always  regular,  free, 
and  in  general  very  close,  especially  at  the  sides.  They 
are  more  or  less  inequilateral,  and  seldom  have  true, 
radiating  ribs. 

CONCHJE  FLUVIATILES. 

Like  the  naiadae,  these  shells  are  covered  with  a  kind 
of  greenish  epidermis,  which  turns  more  or  less  brown, 
and  is  often  decorticated  at  the  beaks.  They  are  distin- 
guished from  them  by  the  hinge,  which  has  cardinal 
teeth,  like  the  venus,  near  the  hinge. 

CYCLAS.  Shell  ovate-globose,  transverse, 
equivalve  ;  beaks  protuberant,  cardinal  teeth 
very  small,  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  ;  some- 
times two  on  each  valve,  one  of  which  is 
folded,  sometimes  only  one,  plaited  or  lobed  on 
one  valve,  and  two  on  the  other  ;  lateral  teeth 
transversely  elongated,  compressed,  lamelli- 
form;  ligament  exterior. 

The  cyclades  are  small  shells,  with  thin  valves,  and 
never  have  three  teeth  on  either.  The  beaks  are  never 
eroded.  They  are  grayish  green  or  yellowish  :  some 
smooth,  others  transversely  striated  with  lightish  col- 
ored bands. 

C.  rivicola,  cornea,  lacustris,  obliqua,  calyculata,  obtusalis, 


GEN ERA  OF   SHELLS.  25 

fontinalis,   australis,  sulcata,   striatina,  Saratogea, —  rhom- 
boidea,  partumeia. 

CYRENA.  Shell  rounded,  triangular,  turgid 
or  ventricose,  solid,  inequilateral,  covered  by 
an  epidermis,  beaks  decorticated.  Hinge  with 
three  teeth  on  each  valve  ;  lateral  teeth  gener- 
ally two,  one  of  which  is  near  the  cardinal ; 
ligament  exterior,  on  the  widest  side. 

The  cyrense  are  generally  thick  and  rather  large, 
shell  always  covered  with  a  greenish  or  brown  epi- 
dermis. They  are  distinguished  from  cyclas  by  hav- 
ing three  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve.  They  have  also 
lateral  teeth,  one  of  which  is  often  placed  below  the 
corselet. 

(a.)  Lateral  teeth  serrate  or  dentate. 

C.  trigonella,  orientalis,  cor,  fuscata,  fluminea,  truncata, 
violacea. 

(b.)  Lateral  teeth  entire. 

C.  depressa,  Caroliniensis,  Bengalensis,  Zeylanica. 

GALATHEA.  Shell  equivalve,  subtriangular, 
covered  by  a  greenish  epidermis  ;  cardinal  teeth 
sulcated,  two  on  the  right  valve,  connivant  at 
base;  three  on  the  other,  the  intermediate 
one  advanced,  distinct ;  lateral  teeth  remote  ; 
ligament  exterior,  short,  prominent,  turgid ; 
nymphae  prominent. 

The  galathea  is  distinguished  from  cyrena  by  the 
peculiar  form  of  its  cardinal  teeth.  The  muscular 
impressions  are  lateral,  and  appear  double  on  each 
side. 

G.  radiata. 


26  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

CONCHA  MARINE. 

Mostly  no  lateral  teeth  ;  shell  sometimes  covered  with  an  epi- 
dermis, except  at  the  leaks. 

CYPRINA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
obliquely  cordate ;  beaks  obliquely  curved. 
Hinge  with  three  unequal  teeth,  approximated 
at  base,  subdivaricate  superiorly  ;  a  lateral 
tooth,  distant  from  the  hinge,  on  the  anterior 
side,  sometimes  obsolete  ;  nymphaeal  callosi- 
ties large,  arcuated,  terminated  near  the  beaks 
by  a  pit ;  ligament  exterior,  partly  under  the 
beaks. 

The  cyprinse  are  in  general  rather  large  shells,  very 
like  the  veneres,  and  chiefly  distinguished  by  having 
a  compressed  lateral  tooth  on  the  anterior  side  ;  by 
their  large  nymphre,  generally  terminated  by  an  oval 
pit,  sometimes  singularly  large  near  the  beaks  ;  by  the 
ligament  extending  under  the  beaks,  and  there  filling 
up  the  terminal  pit  of  the  nymphse,  and  by  having  an 
epidermis. 

C.  gigas,  Islandica,Pedomontana,  tenui-stria. 

CYTHEREA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
suborbicular,  triangular  or  transverse.  Hinge 
of  the  right  valve  four  toothed,  three  of  which 
are  divergent  and  approximate  at  base,  the 
other  solitary,  under  the  lunule.  The  other 
valve  with  three  diverging  teeth,  approximate 
at  base,  with  a  remotish  pit,  parallel  to  the 
margin  ;  lateral  teeth  none. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  £7 

The  cythefea  is  distinguished  from  the  verms  by 
having  four  cardinal  teeth  on  one  valve,  and  three 
teeth  and  the  pit  on  the  other.  They  are  all  sea  shells, 
solid,  in  general  variously  and  beautifully  colored,  free, 
with  the  beaks  curved  and  moderately  prominent.  The 
Oval  pit  on  the  left  valve  corresponds  to  the  insulated 
tooth  of  the  right. 

I.  INTERNAL  MARGIN  OF  THE  VALVES  VERY  ENTIRE. 

(a.)  interior  cardinal  tooth,  with  a  striated  canal  or  dentated 

border. 

C.  lusoria,  petechialis,  irnpudica,  castanea,  zonaria,  mere- 
trix,  graphica,  morphina,  purpurata,  casta,  corbicula,  tripla,  — 
convexa. 

(6.)  Anterior  cardinal  tooth  without  striated  canal  or  dentated 
border. 

C.  gigantea,  erycina,  lilacina,  impar,  erycinella,  pecto- 
ralis,  planatella,  florida,  nitidula,  chione,  maculata,  citrina, 
albina,  laeta,  mactroides,  trigonella,  sulcatina,  hebreea,  cas- 
trensis,  ornata,  picta,  tigrina,  venetiana,  juvenilis,  rufa,  guine- 
ensis,  dione,  arabica,  trimaculata,  immaculata,  pellucida, 
hepatica,  lucinalis,  lunaris,  lactea,  exoleta,  lincta,  concen- 
trica,  prostrata,  interrupta,  tigerina,  punctata,  urnbonella, 
undatina,  scripta,  nummulina,  muscaria,  pulicaris,  mixta, 
abbreviata,  —  occulta. 

II.  INTERNAL  MARGIN  OF  THE  VALVES  CRENATED  OR  DEN- 
TATED. 

C.  pectinata,  gibba,  ranella,  divaricata,  testudinalis,  cune- 
ata,  placunella,  rugifera,  plicatina,  flexuosa,  rnacrodon,  lunu- 
laris,  squamosa,  cardilla,  cygnus,  dentaria. 

VENUS.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  trans- 
verse, or  suborbicular.  Hinge  with  three  ap- 
proximate teeth  in  each  valve,  the  lateral  ones 
diverging  at  summit ;  ligament  exterior,  cover* 
ing  the  labia. 


28  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

The  veneres  are  amongst  the  most  beautiful  of  the 
conchiferae.  They  are  not  distinguished  by  their  gen- 
eral form  from  the  cytherese,  but  are  more  commonly 
transverse  than  orbicular.  The  middle  cardinal  tooth, 
which  is  often  bifid,  is  straight,  whilst  the  lateral  are v 
oblique  and  diverging  ;  a  few  species  have  all  the  car- 
dinal teeth  straight.  They  are  found  in  all  seas,  and 
live  in  the  sand,  a  short  distance  from  the  shore. 

I.  INTERNAL  MARGIN  OF  THE  VALVES  CRENATED  OR  DEN- 

TATED. 

(a.)  Shells  with  lamellar  stria. 

V.  puerpura,  reticulata,  pygmaea,  corbis,  crenulata,  dis- 
cina,  verrucosa,  rugosa,  casina,  crebrisulca.  plicata,  cancel- 
lata,  subrostrata, —  castanea.  inequalis,  elevata,  praeparca. 

(6.)  Shells  without  lamellar  strife. 

V.  granulata,  pectorina,  marica,  cingulata,  cardioides, 
grisea,  elliptica,  Dombeii,  mercenaria,  lagopus,  gallina,  gal- 
linula,  pectinula,  sulcata. 

II.  INTERNAL  MARGIN  OF  THE  VALVES  VERY  ENTIRE. 

V.  lamellata,  exalbida,  rufa,  dorsata,  hiantina,  crassisulca, 
corrugata,  Malabarica,  papilionacea,  adspersa,  punctifera, 
turgida,  litterata,  sulcaria,  textile,  texturata,  geographica, 
rariflamma,  decussata,  pallastra,  glandina,  truncata,  retifera, 
anomala,  galactites,  exilis,  scalarina,  Scotica,  aurea,  vir- 
ginea,  marmorata,  ovulea,  ]aterisulca,  callipyga,  opima,  nebu- 
losa,  phaseolina,  carneola,  florida,  petalina,  bicolor,  flori- 
della,  catenifera,  pulchella,  sinuosa,  tristis,  rimularis,  vul- 
vina,  veVmiculosa,  flammiculata,  conularis,  strigosa,  apbro- 
diaa,  Peronii,  aphrodinoides,  elegaritina,  flammea,  undulosa, 
pumila,  ovata,  inquinata  —  grata,  notata. 

VENERICARDIA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequila- 
teral, suborbicular,  generally  with  longitudinal 
radiating  ribs  ;  cardinal  teeth  two,  oblique,  in- 
clining to  the  same  side. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  29 

The  venericardiae  seem  to  connect  the  conchae  with 
the  cardiacea ;  their  radiating  ribs  give  them  perfectly 
the  appearance  of  cardium,  and  the  hinge  would  re- 
semble the  venus  if  it  had  a  third  diverging  tooth  on 
each  valve.  It  appears  to  differ  from  cardita  merely 
by  wanting  the  lunular  tooth,  two  oblique  teeth  repre- 
senting the  lateral  tooth  of  cardita,  which  is  always 
channelled.  They  are  chiefly  fossil. 

V.  planicosta,  petuncularis,  imbricata,australis,  acuticosta, 
mitis,  senilis,  laBvicosta,  concentrica,  decussata,  elegans  — 
tridentata. 

CARDIACEA. 

Cardinal  teeth  irregular,  either  in  their  form  or  situation  ; 

or  generally  accompanied  by  one  or  two  lateral  teeth. 
The  cardiacea  are  ventricose  shells ;  almost  all  are 
furnished  with  radiating,  longitudinal  ribs,  and  when 
viewed  at  the  fore  part  are  heart  shaped.     They  are 
equi valve,  regular,  and  sometimes  gaping. 

CARDIUM.  Shell  equivalve,  subcordiform, 
beaks  protuberant,  valves  dentated  or  plaited  on 
the  internal  edge.  Hinge  with  four  teeth  on 
each  valve,  the  two  cardinal  approximate  and 
oblique,  the  two  lateral  articulating  crosswise 
with  their  opponents  ;  two  lateral,  remote,  en- 
tering. 

The  prominent,  cordate  beaks  of  this  genus,  are  very 
remarkable.  The  convex  side  of  the  valves  is  gen- 
erally furnished  with  longitudinal  ribs,  more  or  less 
prominent,  frequently  striated,  imbricate  or  spinous; 
but  the  interior  is  smooth,  and  only  furrowed  towards 
the  margin.  The  ligament  is  external  and  very  short; 
there  are  two,  faint,  muscular  impressions.  They  are 


30  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

found  in  all  seas,  and  generally  live  buried  in  the  sand 
near  the  coasts. 

(a.)  JY0  particular  angle  on  the  beaks,  and  the  anterior  side 
at  least  as  large  as  th&  posterior. 

C.  costatum,  Indicurn,  ringens,  Asiaticum,  lenuicostatum, 
fimbriatum,  Brasilianum,  apertum^  papyraceum,  bullatum, 
ciliare,  echinatum,  pseudolhna,  aeuleatum,  erinaceum,  tuber- 
culatum,  isocardia,  muricatum,  angulatum,  marmoreum, 
elongatum,  ventricosum,  rugosum,  sulcatum,  serratum,  laevi- 
gatum,  biradiatum,  aBolicum,  pectinatum,  rusticum,  edule, 
Groenlandicum,  latum,  crenulatum,  exiguum,  rninutum, 
roseum,  scobinatum,  —  Mortoni,  pinnulatum. 
(b.)  Beaks  carinated,  or  having  an  angle;  posterior  side 
often  larger  than  the  anterior. 

C.  unedo,  medium,  fragum,  retusum,  tumoriferurn,  hemi- 
cardium,  cardissa,  inversum,  Junonias,  lineatum. 

CARDITA.  Shell,  free,  regular,  equivalve, 
inequilateral.  Hinge  with  two  unequal  teeth  ; 
one  short,  straight,  under  the  beaks,  the  other 
oblique,  marginal,  prolonged  under  the  corse- 
let. 

The  carditae  may  be  easily  confounded  with  the 
venericardise,  if  sufficient  attention  be  not  paid  to  the 
direction  of  the  two  teeth,  which  in  the  latter  are  both 
oblique  and  turned  to  the  same  side,  which  is  not  the 
case  in  cardita.  They  differ  from  chama  in  not  being 
inequivalve,  or  irregular,  nor  ever  fixed  by  the  lower 
valve  to  marine  substances.  Some  species  are  said  to 
fix  themselves  .by  a  sort  of  byssus,  like  the  area  and 
mytilus. 

(a.)   Shell  subcordatc  or  oval,  more  transverse  than  longi- 
tudinal. 

C.  sulcata,  ajar,  turgida,  squamosa,  gallicana,  intermedia, 
rudista,  Etrusca,  tarpezia,  bicolor,  depressa. 


GENERA    OF  SHELLS.  31 

(b.)  Shell  more  longitudinal  than  transverse. 
C.  phrenitica,  crassicosta,  rufescens,  calyculata,  subaspera, 
nodulosa,  sinuata,  concamerata,  aviculina,  citrina,  sublaevi- 
gata,  corbularis,  lithophagella,  crassa. 

CYPRICARDIA.  Shell  free,  equivalve,  inequi- 
lateral, obliquely  or  transversely  elongated. 
Hinge  with  three  teeth  beneath  the  beaks, 
and  a  lateral  tooth  prolonged  under  the  corse- 
let. 

The  cypricardiae  differ  from  the  carditse,  which  they 
resemble  in  general  form,  by  having,  like  the  venus, 
three  teeth,  instead  of  one  only,  under  the  beaks. 
C.  Guiniaca,  angulata,  rostrata,  corralliophaga. 

HIATELLA.  Shell  equivalve,  very  inequila- 
teral, transverse ;  gaping  at  the  superior  mar- 
gin. Hinge  with  a  small  tooth  on  the  right 
valve,  and  two  oblique  teeth,  somewhat  longer, 
on  the  left ;  ligament  exterior. 

H.  arctica. 

ISOCARDIA.  Shell  equivalve,  heart  shaped, 
cordate,  ventricose  ;  beaks  distant,  diverging, 
rolled  spirally  to  one  side ;  cardinal  teeth  two, 
compressed,  entering,  one  of  which  is  curved 
and  sunk  under  the  beak ;  lateral  tooth  elon- 
gate, under  the  corselet ;  ligament  exterior, 
forked  on  one  side. 

I.  cor,  arietina,  Moltkiana,  semisulcata. 


32        GENERA  OF  SHELLS. 

ARCACEA. 

Cardinal  teeth  small,  numerous,  entering,  disposed  in  each 
valve  in  a  straight,  arched  or  broken  line. 

The  arcacea  are  very  remarkable  by  the  hinge  of 
their  shells,  which  are  equivalve,  regular,  the  beaks 
commonly  distant,  the  ligament  entirely  external,  and 
the  muscular  impressions  lateral.  Several  have  a  vel- 
vety epidermis ;  some  adhere  to  rocks  by  tendinous 
threads,  and  the  shell  gapes  more  or  less  at  the  supe- 
rior margin.  They  are  all  sea  shells,  and  live  near  the 
shore. 

CUCULLJEA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
trapeziform,  ventricose  ;  beaks  distant,  separa- 
ted by  the  facet  of  the  ligament ;  anterior 
muscular  impression,  with  an  angular  or  auri- 
cular margin.  Hinge  linear,  straight,  with 
minute  transverse  teeth  ;  having  at  each  ex- 
tremity, two  to  five  ribs  parallel  to  it ;  liga- 
ment entirely  exterior. 

The  cuculla?a  are  large,  very  tumid  shells,  with  the 
anterior  side  obliquely  truncated,  forming  a  broad,  cor- 
date, flattened  corselet,  slightly  elevated  towards  the 
middle.  The  hinge  is  that  of  the  area,  but  as  the  shell 
grows  old,  it  is  displaced,  and  leaving  the  remains  of 
its  former  margins  at  the  extremities,  gives  rise  to  two 
parallel  ribs  by  which  it  is  terminated,  which  is  not 
seen  in  the  area. 

C.  auriculifera,  crassatina. 

ARCA^  Shell  transverse,  subequivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, beaks  distant,  separated  by  the  area 


GENERA   OP  SHELLS.  33 

of  the  ligament.  Hinge  linear,  straight,  with- 
out ribs  at  the  extremities  ;  teeth  numerous, 
crowded,  alternately  inserted  into  each  other  ; 
ligament  exterior. 

The  area  is  readily  known  by  the  peculiar  form  of 
its  hinge.  When  placed  on  the  superior  margin,  they 
resemble  a  boat,  whence  their  name.  They  often  gape 
at  the  superior  margin,  in  consequence  of  the  tendinous 
fibres  which  the  animal  puts  out  to  fix  himself  to  the 
rocks.  The  space  between  the  beaks  forms  a  rhom- 
boidal  flat,  or  sometimes  a  hollow  facet,  marked  with 
furrows,  which  receives  the  ligament. 

(a.)  Superior  margin  not  crenulated  within. 

A.  tortuosa,  semitorta,  Nose,  tetragona,  umbonata,  sinuata, 
avellana,  cardissa,  ventricosa,  retusa,  sulcata,  ovata,  barbata, 
fusca,  Magellanica,  Domingensis,  lactea,  trapezina,  pista- 
chia,  pisolana,  cancellaria,callifera,  irudina. 

(&.)  Superior  margin  crenulated,  loithin. 

A.  Kelbingii,  scapha,  antiquata,  rhombea,  granosa,  auric- 
ulata,  inaequivalvis,  Indica,  senilis,  Brasiliana,  corbicula, 
squamosa,  Cayenensis,  bisulcata  —  staminea,  lienosa,  pon- 
derosa,  pexata,  incongrua,  transversa. 

PECTUNCULUS.  Shell  orbicular,  nearly  lentic- 
ular, equivalve,  subequilateral,  closed.  Hinge 
arcuated  with  numerous  oblique,  uniformly 
arranged,  alternately  inserted  teeth  ;  those  in 
the  middle  obsolete,  almost  wanting ;  ligament 
exterior. 

The  pectunculi  are  distinguished  from  the  area  by 

the  orbicular  form  of  the  shells,  and  especially  by  the 

arched  hinge;  the  teeth  are   less  numerous,  farther 

apart  and  larger,  and  they  never  gape.    The  beaks  are 

3 


34  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

not  very  distant,  yet  are  always  separated  by  a  narrow, 
furrowed,  rather  hollow  facet,  to  which  the  ligament  is 
attached,  and  which  distinguishes  them  from  the  nu- 
culse.  The  shells  are  all  marine,  and  resemble  the 
pectines  by  their  form,  and  by  the  internal  margin 
being  always  crenate.  Many  species  acquire  consid- 
erable thickness  by  age,  and  such  a  change  of  form  as 
renders  it  difficult  to  distinguish  them. 

(a.)  Distant,  longitudinal  furrows,  and  frequently  fine  trans- 
verse or  longitudinal  stria. 

P.  glycimeris,  pilosus,  undulatus,  marmoratus,  scriptus, 
pennaceus,  rubens,  angulatus,  stellatus,  pallens,  violaces- 
cens,  zonalis,  striatularis,  nummarius. 

(b.)  Prominent  and  radiating  longitudinal  ribs,  with  or  with- 
out transverse  strice. 
P.  castaneus,  pectiniformis,  pectinatus,  radians,  vitreus. 

NUCULA.  Shell  transverse,  ovate  triangular, 
or  oblong,  equivalve,  inequilateral ;  no  area 
between  the  beaks.  Hinge  linear,  broken, 
many  toothed,  interrupted  in  the  middle  by 
an  oblique,  spoon-shaped  pit ;  teeth  numer- 
ous, subacute,  often  produced  as  in  the  pec- 
ten  ;  beaks  contiguous,  curved  backwards  ; 
ligament  marginal,  partly  inferior,  inserted 
into  the  cardinal  fossa,  or  pit. 

The  nuculus  is  distinguished  from  the  pectunculus 
and  area,  not  only  by  the  broken,  angular  line  of  their 
hinge,  but  also  by  the  ligament,  which  is  partly  inter- 
nal, and  by  wanting  the  facet  between  the  beaks.  They 
are  small  sea  shells,  somewhat  triangular,  and  more  or 
less  pearly  on  the  inside, 

N.  lanceolata.  rostrata,  pella,  Nicobarica,  obliqua,  marga- 
jitacea —  limatula,  proxima,  nucleus,  recurva. 


GENERA  OF   SHELLS.  35 

t 

TRIGONIANA. 

Cardinal  teeth  lamellar,  transversely,  striated. 
The  teeth  of  the  trigoniana  differ  from  those  of  the 
arcacea  by  the  stria?  being  on  separate  laminaB,  instead 
of  being  on  the  hinge  itself. 

TRIG  ONI  A.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
triangular,  sometimes  suborbicular.  Cardinal 
teeth  oblong,  flattened  at  the  sides,  divergent, 
furrowed  transversely  ;  two  are  on  the  right 
valve,  furrowed  on  both  sides,  and  four  on  the 
other,  furrowed  on  one  side  only  ;  ligament 
exterior,  marginal. 

The  trigonise  are  regular,  free,  very  inequilateral  sea 
shells,  and  all,  except  one  species,  only  known  in  a 
fossil  state,  fourteen  of  which  are  enumerated. 

T.  pectinata. 

CAST  ALIA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
triangular;  beaks  decorticated,  recurved  pos- 
teriorly. Hinge  with  two  lamellar  teeth,  stria- 
ted transversely  ;  one  posterior,  remote,  abbre- 
viated, sub-trilamellate,  the  other  anterior, 
elongated,  lateral ;  ligament  exterior. 

The  castalia  resembles  a  trigonia  in  appearance,  but 
differs  from  it  in  the  number  and  situation  of  its  teeth, 
which  have  more  resemblance  to  those  of  the  unio, 
between  which  and  the  trigonia  it  seems  to  be  inter- 
mediate. It  appears  to  be  a  river  shell. 

C.  ambigua. 


36  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

NAIADA. 

Fresh  water  shells,  the  hinge  of  which  is  sometimes  furnished 
with  an  irregular.,  simple,  or  divided  cardinal  tooth,  and  a 
longitudinal  one,  which  extends  under  the  corselet ;  some- 
times no  tooth,  or  furnished  with  irregular,  granular  tuber- 
cles throughout ;  muscular  impression  posterior,  compound; 
beaks  decorticated,  often  eroded. 

The  naiada  are  well  distinguished  from  the  fresh 
water  conchse  by  their  hinge  and  inhabitant.  The 
shell  is  free,  regular,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  always 
transverse ;  the  epidermis  is  greenish,  inclining  to 
brown,  and  always  wanting  at  the  beak.  The  mus- 
cular impressions  are.  lateral  and  quite  separate ;  that 
of  the  posterior  side  is  composed  of  two  or  three  dis- 
tinct, unequal  impressions,  which  distinguishes  them 
from  the  other  bimuscular  conchifera. 

UNIO.  Shell  transverse,  equivalve,  inequi- 
lateral, free  ;  beaks  decorticated,  suberoded  ; 
muscular  impression  posterior,  compound  ; 
hinge  with  two  teeth  on  each  valve  ;  one  car- 
dinal, short,  irregular,  simple  or  bipartite,  sub- 
striated,  the  other  elongated,  compressed,  late- 
ral, prolonged  under  the  corselet  ;  ligament 
external. 

The  unio  is  very  distinct  from  the  anodonta,  which 
it  resembles  in  shape,  by  its  hinge.  Each  valve  has  a 
short  cardinal  tooth,  that  on  the  left  generally  simple, 
that  on  the  right  divided  into  two  lobes,  besides  a  late- 
ral tooth.  The  two  teeth  articulate  together  when  the 
valves  are  shut.  The  shell  is  generally  formed  of  a 
very  brilliant  mother  of  pearl.  The  lamina  of  the 
margin  of  the  shell,  above  the  lateral  tooth,  has  a  trun- 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  37 

cation  or  sinus,  which  seems  to  receive  a  portion  of 

the  ligament. 

(a.)  Cardinal  tooth  short,  thick,  not  crested,  and  substriated. 

U.  sinuala,  elongata,  crassidens,  Peruviana,  rariplicata, 
purpurata,  ligamentina,  obliqua,  retusa,  rarisulcata,  coarc- 
tata,  purpurascens,  brevialis,  rhombula,  carinifera,  georgina, 
clava,  recta,  naviformis,  glabrata,  rotundata,  littoralis,  semi- 
rugata,  nana,  delodonta,  sulcidens. 

(b.)  Cardinal  teeth  short,  compressed,  raised,  and  often 
crested. 

U.  rostrata,  pictorum,  Batava,  corrugata,  nodulosa,  vari- 
cosa,  granosa,  depressa,  Virginiana,  luteola,  marginalis, 
augusta,  manca,  spuria,  australis,  anodontina,  suborbiculata. 

JV.  American.  U.  ridibundus,  monodonta,  undulatus,  abrup- 
tus,phaseolus,  tetralasmus,  dehiscens,  interruptus,  globulus, 
declivis,  lapillus,  camptodon,  lugubris,  radiatus,  ovatus,  cari- 
osus.  nasutus,  cylindricus,  subtentus,  plicatus,  rectus,  torsus, 
mytiloides,  rnetanever,  scalenius,  cornutus,  verrucosus,  tuber- 
culatus,  gibbosus,  cuneatus,  ventricosus,  siliquoideus,  trian- 
gularis,  parvus,  ^Esopus,  calceolus,  lanceolatus,  donaci- 
formis,  ellipsis,  irroratus,  lacrymosus,  ater,  rubiginosus, 
heterodon,  sulcatus,  planulatus,  circulus,  multiradiatus,  occi- 
dens,  securis,  iris,  zigzag,  patulus. 

HYRIA.  Shell  equivalve,  obliquely  triangu- 
lar, eared,  truncated  at  base,  and  straight. 
Hinge  with  two  short  teeth ;  one  posterior  or 
cardinal,  divided  into  numerous,  diverging 
portions,  the  interior  of  which  are  smallest ; 
the  other  anterior  or  lateral,  lamellar,  very 
long ;  ligament  external,  linear. 

The  hyria  is  distinguished  from  the  unio,  by  its  gen- 
eral form,  and  by  the  cardinal  tooth,  particularly  that  of 
the  right  valve,  which  is  divided  into  numerous  lamel- 


38  GENERA   OP   SHELLS. 

lar  folds,  the  innermost  very  small,  and  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  bundle  of  very  unequal,  diverging  laminae. 
This  compound  tooth  is  rather  depressed,  and  always 
inclines  towards  the  posterior  side  of  the  shell,  instead 
of  rising  perpendicularly  to  the  plane  of  the  valve. 
H.  avicularis,  corrugata.* 

ANODONTA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
transverse.  Hinge  linear,  toothless ;  a  cardi- 
nal lamina,  smooth,  adnate,  truncated,  or  form- 
ing a  sinus  at  its  anterior  extremity,  termina- 
ting the  base  of  the  shell ;  two  muscular  im- 
pressions, remote,  lateral,  subgeminate  ;  liga- 
ment external,  linear,  descending  at  its  anterior 
extremity  into  the  sinus  of  the  cardinal  lamina. 

The  anodontae  are  fresh  water  shells,  usually  very 
thin,  and  often  of  a  large  size.  They  greatly  resemble 
the  unio,  but  have  neither  cardinal  nor  lateral  tooth, 
the  hinge  presenting  merely  a  smooth  interior  margin 
or  laminae,  situated  immediately  below  the  nymphse, 
and  terminated  anteriorly  by  a  truncation  or  sinus. 
The  shell  is  pearly,  and  covered  with  a  thin,  greenish, 
false  epidermis ;  beaks  oblique,  partly  inclining  to  the 
posterior  margin. 

*  SYMPHYNOTA.  —  Say.-  Shell  fluviatile;  bivalve  5  valves  con- 
nate at  the  dorsal  margin. 

S.  laevissima,  bialata,  alata,  complanata,  compressa,  gracilis,  teuuis- 
sima,  ochracea,  cygnea. 

ALASMIDONTA. —  Say.  Shell  transverse,  equivalve;  inequila- 
teral j  hinge  with  a  primary  tooth  in  each  valve  j  cicatrices  three. 

It  is  separated  from  anodonta  by  its  primary  tooth,  and  from 
unio;  by  being  destitute  of  the  lamelliform  teeth. 
A.  undulata,  marginata,  ambigua,  confragosa. 


GENERA  OF  SHELLS.  39 

(a.)  JV0  distinct  angle  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  car* 

dinal  line. 

A.  cygnea,  anatina,  sulcata,  fragilis,  cataracta,  rubens, 
crispata,  uniopsis,  Pennsylvanica,  intermedia,  suborbicu- 
lata. 

(b.)  A  distinct  angle  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  car- 
dinal line. 
A.  trapezialis,  exotica,  glauca,  sinuosa,  Patagonica. 

IRIDINA.  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  trans- 
verse ;  beaks  small,  recurved,  almost  straight ; 
muscular  impressions  as  in  anodonta.  Hinge 
long,  linear,  attenuated  at  the  middle,  tuber- 
cular, almost  crenulate  throughout ;  tubercles 
unequal,  frequent ;  ligament  exterior,  margi- 
nal. 

The  principal  difference  between  the  anodonta  and 
iridina,  consists  in  the  tuberculated  hinge  of  the  latter. 
The  shell  is  rather  thick,  brilliant  pearly,  reddish, 
especially  internally,  and  iridescent. 

I.  exotica. 

CHAMACEA. 

Shell  inequivalve,  irregular,  fixed;  hinge  with  one  thick 
tooth,  or  without  teeth;  two  separate  and  lateral  mus- 
cular impressions. 

The  ligament  is  external,  and  sometimes  sunk  irreg- 
ularly towards  the  interior;  the  hinge  is  somewhat 
allied  to  the  tridacnea.  The  shells  are  often  lamellar 
and  spinous,  their  beaks  always  irregular,  sometimes 
large  and  contorted.  They  are  attached  to  rocks, 
corals,  and  often  to  each  other. 

DICERAS.      Shell    inequivalve,    adherent  ; 
nates  conic,  very  large,  divaricate,  turned  into 


40  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

irregular  spires ;  tooth  very  large,  thick,  con- 
cave, sub-auricular,  prominent  in  the  largest 
valve  ;  two  muscular  impressions. 

The  diceras  somewhat  resembles  isocardium,  but  is 
more  nearly  allied  to  chama.  It  differs  from  them  by 
its  hinge,  and  the  singular  form  of  the  beaks. 

Fossil.     Fifty  three  species  enumerated. 

CHAMA.  Shell  irregular,  inequivalve,  adhe- 
rent ;  beaks  incurved,  unequal.  Hinge  with  a 
single  thick  tooth,  oblique,  subcrenate,  inserted 
into  the  fossa  of  the  opposite  valve  ;  two  dis- 
tant, lateral  muscular  impressions  ;  ligament 
external,  depressed. 

This  genus  now  consists  of  irregular,  coarse,  rough, 
scaly,  or  spinous  shells,  with  very  unequal  valves,  and 
only  one  thick,  oblique,  transverse,  callous  tooth,  usu~ 
ally  crenate  or  furrowed.  The  beaks  are  curved  in- 
wards, and  only  one  of  them  projects  at  the  base  of  the 
shell.  They  live  in  shallow  water,  attached  by  the  lar- 
ger valve  to  rocks,  corals,  or  to  each  other.  They  are 
seldom  brilliantly  colored. 

(a.)  Beaks  turning  from  left  to  right. 

C.  lazarus,  damaecornis,  gryphoides,  crenulata,  unicornis ; 
florida,  limbula,  aeruginosa,  asperella,  decussata. 
(b.)  Beaks  turning  from  right  to  left. 

C.  arcinella,  radians,  cristella,  albida,  ruderalis,  croceata^ 
Japonica. 

ETHERIA.  Shell  irregular,  inequivalve,  adhe- 
rent ;  beaks  short,  as  it  were  sunk  in  the  base 
of  the  valves.  Hinge  toothless,  undate,  sub- 
sinuate,  unequal ;  two  distant,  oblong,  lateral 


GENERA    OF    SHELLS.  41 

muscular  impressions  ;  ligament  external,  tor- 
tuous, somewhat  penetrating  within  the  shell. 

The  etherise  are  very  rare  shells,  and  little  known,, 
being  attached  to  rocks  in  deep  water.  They  resemble 
ostrea3  in  form,  but  are  allied  to  the  chamse  by  their 
muscular  impressions,  and  are  only  distinguished  from 
them  by  having  no  tooth  at  the  hinge.  They  are  rather 
large,  and  attached  by  the  lower  valve. 

(a.)  An  oblong  callosity  in  the  base  of  the  shelL 

E.  elliptica,  trigonula. 

(b.)   Without  the  callosity. 

E.  semilunata,  transversa. 

CONCHIFERA  UNIMUSCULOSA. 

Shell  presenting  internally  one  muscular  impression, 

nearly  in  the  centre. 
SECT.  I.  —  LIGAMENT  MARGINAL,  ELONGATED  ON  THE 

MARGIN,    SUBLINEAR. 

TRTDACNEA. 

Shell  transverse,  equivalve,  muscular  impression  under  the 
middle  of  the  superior  margin,  and  produced  to  each  side 
under  it. 

The  shells  of  this  family  are  regular,  solid,  and  re- 
markable by  their  sinuous  or  wavy  superior  margins. 

TRIDACNA,  Shell  regular,  equivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, transverse,  gaping  at  the  lunule. 
Hinge  Avith  two  compressed,  unequal,  ad- 
vanced and  entering  teeth  ;  ligament  mar- 
ginal, external. 

The  tridacna  is  perfectly  distinguished  from  hip- 
popus  by  the  lunule  being  always  open  and  gaping, 
through  which  the  animal  protrudes  a  byssus,  by 


42  GENERA    OF   SHELLS. 

which  it  is  suspended  to  the  rocks,  however  large 
and  heavy  it  may  be.  The  T.  gigas  is  the  largest 
shell  known.  The  largest  known  is  said  to  weigh  five 
hundred  pounds. 

T.  gigas,  elongata,  squamosa,  crocea,  mutica,  serrifera, 
pustulosa. 

HIPPOPUS.  Shell  equivalve,  regular,  ine- 
quilateral, transverse,  closed  at  the  lunule. 
Hinge  with  two  compressed,  unequal,  anterior 
and  entering  teeth  ;  ligament  marginal,  ex- 
terior. 

The  hippopus  differs  from  tridacna  by  having  the 
lunule  shut ;  wherefore  it  cannot  fix  itself  to  the  rocks 
by  a  byssus,  and  consequently  must  have  a  different 
organization  from  that  of  the  preceding  genus. 

H.  maculatus. 

MYTILACEA. 

Ligament  at  the  hinge  subinternal,  marginal,  linear,  very 
entire,  occupying  a  great  part  of  the  anterior  margin; 
rarely  foliated. 

MODIOLA.  Shell  subtransverse,  equivalve, 
regular,  posterior  side  very  short ;  beaks  nearly 
lateral,  depressed  on  the  short  side.  Hinge 
toothless,  lateral,  linear  ;  ligament  cardinal, 
mostly  interior,  received  into  a  marginal 
groove ;  muscular  impression  sublateral,  elon- 
gated, securiform. 

The  modiolse  differ  from  the  mytili  in  being  rather 
transverse  than  longitudinal  shells,  the  beaks  not  being 
truly  terminal,  the  posterior  side  extending  a  little  be- 
yond them ;  moreover,  they  are  rarely  fixed  by  a 


GENERA    OF  SHELLS.  43 

byssus.    They  usually  gape  a  little  at  the  middle  of 
the  contracted  margin  of  the  posterior  side. 

M.  papuana,  tulipa,  albicosta,  Guyanensis,  Adriatica, 
pulex,  vagina,  picta,  sulcata,  plicatula,  sernifusca,  securis, 
purpurata,  barbata,  discrepans,  discors,  trapesina,  cinna- 
monea,  silicula,  plicata,  semen,  lithophaga,  caudigera, — 
Americana,  castanea. 

MYTILUS.  Shell  longitudinal,  equivalve, 
regular,  pointed  at  base,  fixed  by  a  byssus  ; 
beaks  nearly  straight,  terminal,  pointed  ;  hinge 
lateral,  generally  toothless  ;  ligament  marginal, 
subinterior ;  muscular  impression  elongated, 
clavate,  sublateral. 

The  mytili  are  all  sea  shells,  and  are  not  foliated,  nor 
gaping  at  the  superior  margin,  in  which  they  differ 
from  the  pinna,  which  they  otherwise  resemble, 
(a.)    Shell  with  longitudinal  furrows. 

M.  magellanicus,  erosus,  crenatus,  decussatus,  hirsutus, 
exustus,  bilocularis,  ovalis,  uslulatus,  Domingensis,  Sene- 
galensis, —  bamatus,  lateralis. 

(b.)  Shell  without  longitudinal  furrows. 

M.  elongatus,  latus,  zonarius,  canalis,  ungulatus,  viola- 
ceus,  opalus,  smaragdinus,  perna,  afer,  acbatinus,  unguiaris, 
planulatus,  borealis,  augustanus,  corneus,  Galloprovincialis, 
edulis,  abbreviatus,  retusus,  hesperianus,  incurvatus,  line- 
atus,  lacunatus,  —  cubitus,  leucophaBatus. 

PINNA.  Shell  longitudinal,  wedge  shaped, 
equivalve,  gaping  at  summit,  pointed  at  base ; 
beaks  straight.  Hinge  lateral,  toothless  ;  lig- 
ament marginal,  linear,  very  long,  subin- 
terior. 


44  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

The  pinna?  are  all  sea  shells,  generally  very  large, 
thin  in  proportion  to  their  size,  often  brittle ;  its  frac- 
ture exhibits  delicate  transverse  stria3  like  gypsum. 

P.  rudis,  flabellum,  semi-nuda,  angustana,  nobilis,  squa- 
mosa,  marginata,  muricata,  pectinata,  saccata,  varicosa,  dol- 
abrata,  ingens,  vexillum,  -nigrina,  subquadrivalvis. 

MALLEACEA. 

Ligament  marginal,  sublinear,  either  interrupted  ly  crenu- 
lations  or  serial  teeth,  or  wholly  simple  ;  shell  subincqui- 
valve,  foliated. 

The  mallacea  differ  from  the  mytilacea  by  the  folia- 
ted texture  of  the  shell,  and  by  being  irregular  and  in- 
equi valve.  The  ligament  also  is  not  perfectly  internal. 

CRENATULA.  Shell  subequivalve,  flattened, 
foliate,  somewhat  irregular ;  no  peculiar  aper- 
ture for  the  byssus.  Hinge  lateral,  linear, 
marginal,  crenulate ;  crenulations  in  regular 
series,  callous,  somewhat  excavated,  receiving 
the  ligament. 

The  hinge  of  the  crenatula  a  good  deal  resembles 
that  of  the  perna,  but  presents  a  row  of  callous  and 
rather  concave  indentations,  which  receive  the  liga- 
ment, whereas  the  perna  has  a  row  of  linear,  parallel, 
truncated  teeth,  articulating  with  those  of  the  opposite 
valve,  the  ligament  being  inserted  in  the  interstices. 
The  crenatulaB  are  rare  shells,  generally  thin,  some- 
times almost  membranous  and  brittle. 

C.  avicularis,  modiolaris,  nigrina,  bicostalis,  viridis,  myti- 
loides,  phasianoptera. 

PERNA.  Shell  subequivalve,  flattened,  some- 
what deformed,  texture  lamellar ;  hinge  linear, 


GENERA   OP   SHELLS.  45 

marginal,  composed  of  sulciform,  transverse, 
parallel  teeth,  not  opposed,  between  which  the 
ligament  is  inserted  ;  a  sinus  for  the  byssus  a 
little  gaping  under  the  end  of  the  hinge ; 
parietes  callous. 

The  hinge  of  the  perna  differs  from  that  of  the  area 
by  the  cardinal  teeth  of  one  valve  not  articulating  with 
those  of  the  other,  but  lying  upon  them  when  the  valve 
is  shut.  The  ligament  is  also  differently  situated.  They 
more  resemble  crenatulae.  They  are  sea  shells,  with 
small,  nearly  equal  beaks,  situated  at  one  of  the  extre- 
mities of  the  hinge. 

P.  ephippium,  obliqua,  isogonum,  avicularis,  femoralis;, 
eanina,  marsupium,  sulcata,  vulsella,  nucleus. 

MALLEUS.  Shell  subequivalve,  rough,  de- 
formed, generally  elongated,  sublobate  at  base ; 
beaks  small,  divergent.  Hinge  toothless  ;  an 
elongated  conic  groove,  under  the  hinge,  trav- 
ersing the  area  of  the  ligament  obliquely  ;  lig- 
ament subexternal,  short,  received  into  the 
sloping  area  of  each  valve. 

The  mallei  are  distinguished  from  the  pernse  by 
their  hinge  ;  from  the  avicula?  by  the  conical  pit,  below 
the  beaks,  and  by  the  valves  being,  though  irregular,  of 
the  same  size,  and  having  no  sinus  on  the  left  valve. 
They  are  coarse,  irregular  shells,  remarkable  for  their 
form,  with  little  beauty  externally,  but  are  rather  bril- 
liant pearly  internally. 

M.  albus,  vulgaris,  normalis,  vulsatellus,  anatinus,  decur- 
talus. 


46  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

AVICULA.  Shell  iriequivalve,  fragile,  rather 
smooth,  base  transverse,  straight ;  extremities 
produced,  the  anterior  caudiform,  or  tail-like  ; 
a  notch  in  the  left  valve.  Hinge  linear,  uni- 
dentate,  beneath  the  beaks  ;  area  of  the  liga- 
ment marginal,  narrow,  channelled,  not  trav- 
ersed by  the  byssus. 

When  the  valves  are  spread  open,  the  shell  has  a 
rude  resemhlance  to  the  wing  of  a  bird,  whence  its 
name.  They  are  sea  shells,  generally  smooth  exter- 
nally, thin,  and  pearly  within.  Their  beaks  are  oblique, 
small,  and  not  prominent. 

A.  macroptera,  lotorium,  semisagitta,  heteroptera,  fal- 
cata,  crocea,  Terentina,  atlantica,  squamulosa.  papilionacea, 
physoides,  virens,  trigonata,  phalaenacea,  hirudo. 

MELEAGRINA.  Shell  subequivalve,  rounded, 
quadrate,  scaly  externally ;  inferior  cardinal 
margin  straight,  not  caudate  anteriorly  ;  a 
sinus  for  the  byssus  at  the  posterior  base  of 
the  valves ;  left  valve  at  this  part  narrow  and 
emarginate.  Hinge  linear  and  toothless  ;  area 
of  the  ligament  marginal,  elongate,  subexte- 
rior,  dilated  in  the  middle. 

The  meleagrina  is  distinguished  from  avicula  by  the 
form  of  the  shell,  which  is  nearly  equivalve,  by  never 
having  the  tail  nor  cardinal  teeth,  and  by  the  widening 
of  the  ligamental  facet  at  the  middle  part.  The  aper- 
ture for  the  byssus  also  occasions  a  callous,  re-entering 
angle  on  each  valve.  It  often  contains  true  pearls. 

M.  margaritifera,  albina. 


GENERA    OF   SHELLS.  47 

SECT.  II.  —  LIGAMENT  NOT   MARGINAL,  CONTRACTED 

INTO  A  SMALL  SPACE  UNDER  THE  BEAKS  ;  ALWAYS 
VISIBLE,  AND  NOT  FORMING  A  TENDINOUS  CORD 
UNDER  THE  SHELL. 

These  shells  are  generally  auriculated  at  the  base  or 
extremity  of  the  cardinal  margin.  They  are  all  ine- 
quivalve,  for  though  in  many  the  valves  are  of  the 
same  size,  one  of  them  is  always  more  convex  than  the 
other. 

9 

PECTENIDES. 

Ligament  interior  or  semi-interior  ;  shell  generally  regular, 
compact ,  not  foliated. 

PEDUM.  Shell  inequivalve,  somewhat  eared, 
inferior  valve  gaping ;  beaks  unequal,  distant. 
Hinge  toothless  ;  ligament  partly  exterior,  in- 
serted in  an  elongated,  canal-shaped  fossa, 
under  the  beaks ;  inferior  valve  emarginate 
near  its  posterior  base. 

The  pedurn  is  a  free,  regular,  inequivalve  shell ; 
and  the  singular  notch  of  the  lower  valve  shows  that 
the  animal  has  the  power  of  attaching  it  by  a  byssus. 

P.  spondyloideum. 

LIMA.  Shell  longitudinal,  subequivalve, 
eared,  slightly  gaping  on  one  side  between 
the  valves  ;  beaks  distant,  internal  face  in- 
clined outwards.  Hinge  toothless ;  cardinal 
fossa  partly  exterior,  receiving  the  ligament. 

The  lirna  has  no  notch  on  the  lower  valve  ;  the  little 
ears,  though  small,  are  distinct.  It  differs  from  the 


48  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

ostrea  by  being  regular,  free,  and  almost  equivalve,  and 
from  pecten  by  its  remote  beaks  and  cardinal  pit.  They 
are  sea  shells,  and  generally  white. 

L.  inflata,  squamosa,  glacialis,  annulata,  fragilis,  lin- 
guatula. 

PLAGIOSTOMA.  Shell  subequivalve,  free,  sub- 
auriculated,  cardinal  base  transverse,  straight; 
beaks  rather  distant,  their  inner  sides  expand- 
ing into  transverse,  flattened,  external  facets, 
one  straight,  the  other  obliquely  inclined. 
Hinge  without  teeth ;  a  conical,  cardinal  pit, 
under  the  beaks,  partly  internal,  opening  out- 
wards, and  receiving  the  ligament. 

It  is  only  known  in  the  fossil  state. 

PECTEN.  Shell  free,  regular,  inequivalve, 
eared  ;  inferior  edge  transverse,  straight ;  beaks 
contiguous.  Hinge  toothless  ;  cardinal  fossa 
wholly  interior,  triangular,  receiving  the  liga- 
ment. 

The  pectines  are  almost  always  radiated  with  fine  or 
coarse  ribs.  The  base  of  the  shell  is  terminated  by  a 
straight,  transverse  line,  beyond  which  the  beaks  never 
project.  The  valves  are  generally  thin,  of  equal  size, 
but  the  upper  one  almost  constantly  flattened.  They 
are  always  eared,  and  the  largest  ear  is  on  the  posterior 
side,  and  beneath  it  is  a  sinus. 

(a.)  Ears  equal,  or  nearly  so. 

P.  maximus,  medius,  Jacobaeus,  bifrons,  ziczac,  Laurentii, 
pleuronectes?  obliterates,  Japonicus,  magellanicus,  purpura- 
tus,  lineolaris,  radula,  rastellum,  turgidus,  flagellatus,  asper- 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  49 

sus,  flavidulus,  plica,  glaber.  sulcatus,  virgo,  unicolor,  gri- 
seus,  distans,  Isabella,  —  concentricus,  Pealii,  ornattis,  dis- 
locatus. 

(&.)  Ears  unequal. 

P.  nodosus,  pallium,  pes  felis,  tigris,  imbricatus,  histri- 
onicus,  sauciatus,  opercularis,  lineatus,  flabellatus,  irradians, 
flexuosus,  inflexus,  dispar,  quadriradiatus,  Islandicus,  asper- 
rimus,  senatorius,  aurantius,  florens,  varius,  sanguineus,  sin- 
uosus,  ornatus,  pellucidus,  Tranquebaricus,  gibbus,  minia- 
ceus,  pusio,  hybridus,  sulphureus,  lividus,  hexactes. 

PLICATULA.  Shell  inequivalve,  without  ears, 
attenuated  at  base,  superior  margin  plaited, 
rounded ;  beaks  unequal,  and  without  exter- 
nal facet.  Hinge  with  two  strong  teeth  on 
each  valve ;  a  pit  between  the  two  teeth,  re- 
ceiving the  ligament,  which  is  entirely  exte- 
rior. 

The  plicatula  differs  from  the  pecten  by  having  car- 
dinal teeth,  and  being  without  ears,  and  from  spon- 
dylus,  by  having  no  external  facet  and  no  spines. 

P.  ramosa,  depressa,  cristata,  reniformis,  australis. 

SPONDYLUS.  Shell  inequivalve,  adherent, 
eared,  spiny  or  rigid  ;  beaks  unequal ;  inferior 
valve  presenting  a  cardinal  area  external,  flat- 
tened, divided  by  a  fissure,  which  increases 
with  age.  IJinge  with  two  strong  cardinal 
teeth  in  each  valve,  with  an  intermediate  liga- 
mentary  fossa  connected  by  a  sulcus  to  the 
external  fissure  ;  ligament  internal. 
4 


50  GENERA    OF   SHELLS. 

The  spondyli  are  distinguished  from  thq  ostreee  by 
the  cardinal  teeth ;  they  are  generally  covered  with 
spines,  which  are  occasionally  very  large,  disposed  in 
rows  or  radiating  strise  or  ribs.  The  lower  valve  is 
always  largest  and  most  convex,  and  is  terminated  at 
the  beak  by  a  kind  of  flattened,  inclined,  triangular 
facet,  which  appears  as  if  cut  with  a  knife,  and  increas- 
ing by  age. 

S.  geedaropus,  Americanus,  arachnoides,  candidus,  multi- 
lamellatus,  costatus,  variegatus,  longi-spina,  regius,  avicu- 
laris,  coccineus,  crassi-squama,  spathuliferus,  ducalis,  longi- 
tudinalis,  microlepos,  croceus,  aurantius,  radians,  zonalis, 
violascens. 

PODOPSIS.  Shell  inequivalve,  subregular, 
adhering  by  the  inferior  beak,  not  auriculated, 
the  lower  valve  largest,  most  convex,  and  the 
beak  most  produced  ;  hinge  toothless  ;  liga- 
ment interior. 

Fossil. 

OSTRACEA. 

Ligament  internal  or  s emi- internal ;  shell  irregular,  foliated } 
sometimes  very  thin. 

The  ostracea  are  seldom  auriculated  at  base,  and  still 
more  rarely  radiated  externally ;  in  many  species  the 
shell  is  fixed  to  marine  bodies  by  the  lower  valve, 
which  is  always  the  largest. 

(«.)  Ligament  semi-internal ;  shell  foliated,  and  often  very 
thick. 

GRYPHJEA.  Shell  free,  inequivalve  ;  inferior 
valve  large,  concave,  terminated  by  a  project- 
ing beak,  curved  spirally  inwards;  superior 


GENERA    OF  SHELLS.  51 

valve  small,  flat,  like  an  operculum.     Hinge 
toothless  ;  an  oblong  cardinal  pit. 

The  curved  beak  of  these  shells  usually  projects 
considerably,  either  above  the  upper  valve  or  laterally. 
They  are  almost  always  free  shells,  and  are  all  fossil, 
but  one  species. 

G.  angulata  vel  tricarinata. 

OSTREA.  Shell  adherent,  inequivalve ;  irreg- 
ular ;  beaks  distant,  becoming  very  unequal  by 
age ;  the  superior  valve  becoming  displaced 
during  life.  Hinge  toothless ;  ligament  semi- 
interior,  inserted  into  the  cardinal  fossa ;  fossa 
of  the  inferior  valve  increasing  with  age  to  a 
great  length. 

The  shell  of  the  ostrea  is  rude,  rugged,  often  scaly, 
sometimes  singularly  plaited  at  the  margins,  and  fre- 
quently very  thick.  It  does  not  curve  upwards  like 
that  of  the  gryphsea.  The  texture  of  the  valves  is 
loose,  foliated  ;  the  lower  one,  which  is  the  largest, 
and  by  which  it  adheres  to  marine  bodies,  is  more 
convex  than  the  upper. 

(1.)  Margins  simple  or  waved,  not  plaited. 

O.  edulis,  hippopus,  borealis,  Adriatica,  cochlearis,  cristata, 
gallina,mumisma,  lingua,  tulipa,  Brasiliana,  scabra,  rostralis, 
parasitica,  denticulata,  spathulata,  ruscuriana,  Virginica,  Can- 
adensis,  excavata,  mytiloides,  sinuata,  trapezina,  tuberculata, 
rufa,  margaritacea,  gibbosa,  australis,  elliptica,  haliotidea, 
deformis,  fucorum  —  semicylindrica. 

(2.)  Margins  plaited. 

0.  cornucopia,  cucullata,  doridella,  rubella,  limacella, 
erucella,  folium,  labrella,  plicatula,  glaucina,  fusca,  turbi- 
nata,  crista-galli,  imbricata,  hyotis,  radiata. 


52  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

VULSELLA.  Shell  longitudinal,  subequivalve, 
irregular,  free  ;  beaks  equal.  Hinge  with  a 
prominent  callosity  on  each  valve,  depressed 
above,  and  exhibiting  a  conical  and  obliquely 
arcuated  pit  for  the  ligament. 

The  vulsella  is  allied  to  the  ostreae,  but  always  has 
the  valves  nearly  equal ;  the  beaks  equal,  though  some- 
what separate ;  an  equal,  projecting  callus  in  the  inte- 
rior of  each  valve  under  the  beaks ;  and  it  is  never 
fixed  by  its  lower  valve.  They  are  often  found  in 
sponges ;  some  species  gape  a  little  at  the  posterior 
side. 

V.  lingulata,  hians,  rugosa,  spongiarum,  mytilina,  ovata, 
deperdita. 

(6.)  Ligament  internal  /  shell  thin,  papyraceous* 

PLACUNA.  Shell  free,  subequivalve,  irregu- 
lar. Hinge  internal,  presenting  on  one  valve 
two  sharp,  longitudinal  ribs,  in  form  •  of  V  ;  on 
the  other,  two  corresponding  impressions. 

The  valves  of  the  placunae  are  thin,  transparent,  and 
of  the  same  size.  They  are  large,  orbicular  or  subtri- 
angular,  and  sometimes  triangular.  Their  texture  is 
foliated. 

P.  sella,  papyracea,  placenta,  pectinoides  —  pertusa,  quad- 
rifasciata. 

ANOMIA.  Shell  inequi valve,  irregular,  oper- 
culated  ;  adhering  by  the  operculum  ;  lower 
valve  pierced,  commonly  flat,  with  a  hole  or 
notch  at  the  beak  ;  the  other  larger,  concave, 
entire ;  operculum  small,  elliptic,  osseous,  fixed 


GENERA  OF   SHELLS.  53 

to  foreign  bodies,  to  which  is  attached  the  inte- 
rior muscle  of  the  animal. 

The  operculum  of  the  anomia  has  been  absurdly 
mistaken  for  a  third  valve.  The  perforated  flat  valve 
is  usually  considered  the  lower  one,  because  it  is  that 
which  rests  on  the  bodies  to  which  it  is  attached. 

A.  ephippium,  patellaris,  cepa,  electrica,  pyriformis,  for- 
nicata,  membranacea,  squamula,  lens. 

SECT.  III.  —  LIGAMENT  EITHER  WANTING  OR  UN- 
KNOWN, OR  REPRESENTED  BY  A  TENDINOUS  CORD, 
WHICH  SUPPORTS  THE  SHELL. 

RUDISTA. 

Ligament^  hinge  and  animal  unknown,  shell  very  unequi- 
valve  ;  no  distinct  beaks. 

SPH^RULITES,  Shell  inequivalve,  orbicular, 
globose,  somewhat  depressed  above,  echinated 
externally  with  large,  subangular,  horizontal 
scales  ;  upper  valve  smallest,  rather  flat,  oper- 
cular  ;  internal  surface  with  two  unequal,  sub- 
conical,  curved  and  prominent  tuberosities ; 
lower  valve  largest,  rather  ventricose,  external 
margin  with  radiated  scales  ;  cavity  obliquely 
conical,  forming  at  one  side  by  the  folding  of 
the  margin,  a  crest  or  projecting  keel ;  internal 
side  of  the  cavity  transversely  striate.  Hinge 
unknown.  Fossil. 

RADIOLTTES.  Shell  inequivalve,  externally 
striated  ;  striae  longitudinal,  radiating ;  lower 
valve  turbinated,  and  largest ;  the  upper  con- 


54  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

vex,  or  depressed  conic,  opercular.  Hinge 
unknown.  Fossil. 

CALCEOLA.  Shell  inequivalve,  triangular,  tur- 
binated,  flattened  beneath  ;  the  larger  valve  hol- 
lowed or  hood-shaped,  obliquely  truncated  at 
the  aperture  ;  cardinal  margin  straight,  trans- 
verse, a  small  notch  or  indentation  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  superior  margin  arched ;  the  small  valve 
flat,  semi-orbicular,  opercular,  having  a  tuber- 
cle on  each  side  of  the  cardinal  margin,  and  in 
the  middle  a  pit  with  a  small  lamina.  Fossil. 

B mo s TRITE s.  Shell  inequivalve,  two  horned, 
disc  of  the  valves  obliquely  elevated  conically, 
unequal,  obliquely  diverging,  nearly  straight, 
horn-shaped,  the  one  enveloping  the  other  at 
base.  Fossil. 

DISCINA.  Shell  inequivalve,  rounded,  oval, 
somewhat  depressed ;  valves  nearly  equal  in 
size,  each  having  a  very  distinct,  central,  orbi- 
cular disc ;  disc  of  the  superior  valve  not  per- 
forated, rising  into  a  mamillary  protuberance  ; 
that  of  the  other  valve  very  white,  with  a  trans- 
verse slit. 

The  identity  of  discina  and  orbicula  has  been  so 
satisfactorily  proved,  that  the  former  is  now  given  up. 

D.  ostreoides. 

CRANIA.  Shell  inequivalve,  suborbicular  ; 
inferior  valve  nearly  flat,  perforated  on  its  in- 
ternal face  by  three  unequal,  oblique  holes  ; 


GENERA    OF   SHELLS.  55 

superior  valve  convex,  sub-gibbous,  with  two 
prominent  callosities  within. 

The  three  holes  in  the  crania  do  not  seem  to  perfo- 
rate it  completely,  unless  by  accident,  when  removed 
from  the  body  to  which  it  was  fixed  by  the  outer 
surface ;  hence  they  cannot  be  the  issues  of  muscles. 
These  holes  give  the  lower  valve  the  appearance  of  a 
death's  head. 

C.  personata. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

The  shell  of  the  brachiopoda  is  more  or  less  inequi- 
valve,  and  opens  by  a  hinge ;  the  true  ligament  of  the 
valve  is  not  known.  The  shell  always  adheres  to 
marine  bodies. 

ORBICULA.  Shell  suborbicular,  inequivalve ; 
no  conspicuous  hinge  ;  inferior  valve  very  thin, 
flat,  adhering  to  marine  bodies ;  superior  sub- 
conic  with  an  acute  vertex  more  or  less  promi- 
nent. 

The  lower  valve  is  sometimes  so  thin  as  to  be 
scarcely  perceptible,  whence  Muller  supposed  it  to  be 
a  univalve  shell,  and  referred  it.  to  the  patellae. 

O.  norvegica. 

TEREBRATULA.  Shell  inequivalve,  regular, 
subtriangular,  attached  to  marine  bodies  by  a 
short,  tendinous  pedicle  ;  beak  of  the  larger 
valve  produced,  often  curved,  perforated  at 
summit  by  a  round  hole  or  a  notch  ;  hinge 
with  two  teeth  ;  two  nearly  osseous,  slender, 
elevated,  forked,  variously  ramified  branches 


56  GENERA  OP  SHELLS. 

spring  from  the  disc  of  the  small  valve,  and 
serve  as  a  support  to  the  animal. 

T.  vitrea,  dilatata,  pisum,  globosa,  rotundata,  flavescens, 
dentata,  dorsata,  sanguinea,  caputserpentis,  truncata,  psit- 
tacea.  Fossils  numerous. 

LINGULA.  Shell  subequivalve,  flattened,  oval 
oblong,  truncated  at  summit,  somewhat  pointed 
at  base,  elevated  on  a  fleshy,  tendinous  pedicle, 
fixed  to  marine  bodies.  Hinge  toothless. 

L.  anatina. 

MOLLUSCA. 

Body  sometimes  naked,  either  destitute  of  any  solid  inter- 
nal parts,  or  inclosing  a  shell  or  other  hard  substance, 
and  sometimes  provided  externally  with  a  shell,  cover-r- 
ing or  sheathing,  but  never  composed  of  two  oppo- 
site valves,  united  by  a  hinge. 

ORDER  L—  PTEROPODA. 

Some  only,  are  furnished  with  a  thin,  cartilaginous  or 
horny  shell. 

HYAL^EANA. 

HYAL^A.  Shell  horny,  transparent,  ovate 
globose,  tridentate  posteriorly,  open  at  sum- 
mit and  two  posterior  sides. 

The  shell  of  the  hyalaea  appears  to  consist  of  two 
valves  cemented  together.  The  valves  are  unequal ; 
the  largest  above,  rather  flattened  beneath,  the  other 
below,  tumid,  subgk)bular,  and  shortened  anteriorly. 
On  each  side  of  the  shell  is  a  very  open  fissure  to 
admit  water  to  the  branchice. 

H.  tridentata,  cuspidata. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  57 

CLIO.     Has  no  shell. 

CLEODORA.  Shell  gelatino-cartilaginous, 
transparent,  like  an  inverted  pyramid,  or  lan- 
ceolate, truncated  and  open  superiorly. 

C.  pyramidata,  caudata. 

LIMACINA.  Shell  thin,  fragile,  papyraceous, 
spiral ;  whorls  in  discoidal  order,  like  planorbis. 

L.  helicialis. 

CYMBULIA.  Shell  gelatino-cartilaginous,  very 
transparent,  crystalline,  oblong,  shoe-shaped, 
truncated  at  summit ;  aperture  lateral  and  in- 
terior. 

C.  Peronii. 

PNEUMODERMON.     No  shell. 

ORDER  II.  —  GASTEROPODA. 

Some  are  naked,  others  have  a  dorsal  shell,  not  envelop* 
ing  ;  others  again  have  a  shell  more  or  less  hidden  in 
a  mantle. 

TRTTONIANA. 

Without  shells,  either  external  or  internal. 

PHYLLIDIANA. 

Some  are  without  shells  either  external  or  internal ;  others 
are  wholly  or  partly  covered  by  a  shell,  sometimes  com- 
posed of  one  single  piece,  sometimes  of  a  range  of  mova- 
ble and  distinct  pieces. 

PHYLLIDIA.     No  shell. 

CHITONELLUS.  Shell  multivalve  ;  valves  al^ 
ternate,  mostly  longitudinal,  united  to  each 


58  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

other  by  their  extremities  in  form  of  a  cater- 
pillar. 

The  valves  of  the  shell,  whilst  the  animal  is  alive, 
are  separate  ;  but  when  dead  and  contracted,  several  of 
them  appear  to  be  united. 

C.  laevis,  striatus. 

CHITON.  Shell  multivalve,  arranged  in  a 
single  longitudinal  series  ;  valves  movable,  im- 
bricate, transverse,  lateral  extremities  con- 
nected by  a  folding  back  of  the  mantle. 

The  shell  is  generally  composed  of  eight  valves ; 
sometimes  of  seven,  or  only  six  ;  the  middle  valves  are 
longer  than  those  at  the  extremities. 

C.  gigas?  squamosus,  Peruvianus,  spinosus,  fascicularis, 
marginatus,  Magellanicus. 

PATELLA.  Shell  univalve,  not  spiral,  shield- 
like,  or  like  a  depressed  cone;  concave  and  sim- 
ple beneath,  margin  without  fissure,  summit 
entire,  inclined  anteriorly. 

The  patellae  are  widest  at  the  posterior  side,  and  the 
outline  of  the  shell  is  generally  oval.  Most  of  them 
have  ribs,  radiating  from  the  summit  to  the  margin. 

P.  apicina,  granatina,  oculus,  barbara,  plicata,  laciniosa, 
saccharina,  angulosa,  barbata,  longicosta,  spinifera,  aspera, 
luteola,  pyramidata,  umbella,  plumbea,  ccerulea,  radians, 
scutellaris,  Safiana,  testudinaria,  cochlear,  compressa,  gran- 
ularis.  deaurata,  Magellanica,  stellifera,  vulgata,  rnamillaris, 
lineata,  leucopleura,  notata,  Tarentina,  punctata,  punctu* 
rata.  Javanica,  tuberculifera,  miniata,  viridula,  pectinata, 
Galatbea,  pellucida,  tricostata,  australis,  cymbularia, — 
amoena,  alternata. 


GENERA    OF    SHELLS.  59 

SEMI-PHYLLIDIANA. 

PLEUROBRANCHUS.,  Shell  internal,  dorsal, 
thin,  flattened,  often  oblique,  oval. 

P.  plumula,  Peronii. 

UMBRELLA.  Shell  external,  orbicular,  some- 
what irregular,  nearly  flat,  slightly  convex 
above,  white,  with  a  small  apicial  point  in  the 
centre,  edges  sharp  ;  internal  face  a  little  con- 
cave, with  a  callous,  colored  disc,  pitted  in  the 
centre,  and  surrounded  by  a  smooth  limbus. 

V.  Indica,  Mediterranea. 

CALYPTRICIANA. 

Shell  always  external,  covering  the  animal. 

PARMOPHORUS.  Shell  oblong,  subparallelo- 
piped,  somewhat  convex  above,  blunt  at  ex- 
tremities, notched  anteriorly  by  a  slight  sinus, 
a  small  apicial  point  above,  towards  the  poste- 
rior part,  inclined  backwards. 

P.  australis,  breviculus,  granulatus. 

EMARGINULA.  Shell  conic,  shield-like,  vertex 
inclined  ;  posterior  margin  split  or  emarginate* 

The  shells  of  this  genus  are  generally  small ;  some 
of  them  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  inclined  towards  the 
anterior  margin,  which  is  always  the  narrowest,  and 
opposite  to  that  which  has  the  fissure.  In  others,  the 
cone  is  very  much  flattened. 

E.  fissura,  rubra. 

FISSURELLA.     Shell  shield-like,  or  depressed 


60  GENERA   OP  SHELLS. 

conic,   concave    beneath,  vertex    perforated ; 
spire  none  ;  foramen  ovate  or  oblong. 

F.  picta,  nimbosa,  crassa,  Grseca,  nodosa,  Cayenensis,  lila- 
cina,  rosea,  Barbadensis,  radiata,  viridula,  hiantula,  pustula, 
fascicularis,  Javanicensis,  depressa,  Peruviana,  gibberula, 
rainuta,  alternata. 

PILEOPSIS.  Shell  obliquely  conic,  curved 
forwards,  apex  hooked,  subspiral  ;  aperture 
round-elliptic;  anterior  margin  shortest,  acute, 
subsinuate  ;  posterior  broader  and  rounded,  an 
elongated,  arched,  transverse  muscular  impres- 
sion under  the  posterior  margin. 

P.  Ungarica,  mitrula,  intorta,  subrufa,  spirirostris,  retor- 
tella,  pennata,  squamae  form  is. 

CALYPTR^EA.  Shell  conoid,  orbicular  at  base  ; 
vertex  erect,  imperforate,  pointed  ;  base  round, 
cavity  with  a  convolute  lip,  or  a  spiral  dia- 
phragm. 

C.  extinctorium,  loevigata,  equestris,  lectum-sinense, — 
striata. 

CREPIDULA.  Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  gener- 
ally convex  on  the  back,  concave  beneath ; 
spire  strongly  inclined  to  the  margin  ;  aper- 
ture partly  closed  by  a  horizontal  lamina. 

C.  fornicata,  poreellana,  aculeata,  unguiformis,  dilatata, 
Peruviana,  —  depressa,  glauca,  plana,  intorta,  convexa. 

ANCYLUS.  Shell  thin,  obliquely  conic  ;  apex 
acute,  curved  backwards  ;  aperture  oval ;  mar- 
gins very  simple. 

A.  lacustris,  fiuviatilis,  spina  rosae,  —  rivularis. 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  @[ 

ACERA.     No  shell. 

BULL^EANA. 

BULLJEA.  Shell  very  thin,  partially  convo- 
luted, and  spiral  at  one  side,  without  columella 
or  spire ;  aperture  very  large,  patulous  above. 

B.  aperta. 

BULLA.  Shell  ovate  globose,  convolute,  no 
columella  nor  projecting  spire;  aperture  the 
whole  length  ;  right  margin  sharp. 

B.  lignaria,  ampulla,  striata,  naucum,  physis,  fasciata, 
aplustre,  hydatis,  cornea,  fragilis,  solida, —  solitaria. 

LAPLYSIANA. 

LAPLYSIA.  Shield  dorsal,  semicircular,  sub- 
cartilaginous. 

L.  depilans,  fasciata,  punctata,  radiata. 

DOLABELLA.  Shell  oblong,  subarcuate, 
hatchet-shaped  ;  contracted,  thick,  callous  and 
nearly  spiral  at  one  side  ;  the  other  broader, 
flatter  and  thinner. 

D.  Rumphii,  fragilis. 

LIMACIANA. 
ONCHIDIUM.     No  shell. 

PARMACELLA.     No  described  shell. 

LIMAX.     A  coriaceous  shield. 

TESTACELLA.  Shell  minute,  external,  sub- 
auriform,  apex  obsoletely  spiral ;  aperture  very 
large,  oval,  obliquely  dilated;  left  lip  involute. 

T.  haliotidea. 


62  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

VITRINA.  Shell  small,  very  thin,  depressed, 
terminated  superiorly  by  a  short  spire  ;  last 
whorl  very  large  ;  aperture  large,  rounded- 
oval  ;  left  margin  arquated,  slightly  inflexed. 

V.  pellucida. 

ORDER  III.— TRACHELIPODA. 

Shells  spirivalve,  unsheathing. 

SECTION  I.  — TRACH.  PHYTIPHAGA. 

Aperture  of  shell  entire ;  base  without  any  ascending  notch 
or  canal. 

COLIMACEA. 

Shell  spirivalve,  with  no  other  projecting  parts  on  the  exte- 
rior than  the  strice,  of  growth  ;  right  margin  of  the  aper- 
ture, often  recurved  or  reflexed  outwards. 

HELIX.  Shell  orbicular,  convex  or  conoid, 
sometimes  globular,  spire  not  much  elevated  ; 
aperture  entire,  broader  than  long,  very  oblique, 
contiguous  to  the  axis ;  margins  disjoined  by 
the  prominence  of  the  penultimate  whorl. 

The  helix  is  distinguished  from  the  pupa,  by  the 
general  form  of  the  shell,  which  is  never  cylindrical, 
and  by  the  borders  of  the  aperture  being  disunited ; 
from  the  bulimus,  by  the  aperture  being  rather  trans- 
verse than  longitudinal,  and  its  plane  very  oblique  and 
almost  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  spine;  and 
from  planorbis  by  the  left  margin  of  the  aperture 
being  contiguous  to  the  axis  of  the  shell.  The  margin 
of  the  adult  helix  is  always  reflected  outwards,  which 
it  never  is  in  aquatic  shells.  The  helix  is  readily 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  63 

known  by  the  projection  of  the  penultimate  whorl  into 
the  aperture. 

H.  vesicalis,  gigantea,  polyzonalis,  monozonalis,  pulla, 
lineolata,  mutata,  pomatia,  aspersa,  vermiculata,  Alonensis, 
versicolor,  naticoides,  picta,  galactites,  hremastoma,  mela- 
notragus,  extensa.  lucana,  globulus,  melanostoma,  cselatura, 
microstoma,  maculosa,  Richardi,  Bonplandii,  planulata, 
labrella,  ungulina,  pellis-serpentis,  Senegalensis,  unidentata, 
cepa,  heteroclites,  discolor,  lactea,  zonaria,  guttata,  Mada- 
gascarensis,  Javanica,  Peruviana,  simplex,  cidaris,  citrina, 
algira,  verticillus,  olivetorum,  plariospira,  Barbadensis,  sinu- 
ata,  hippocastanum,  bidentalis,  argilacea,  -vittata,  alauda, 
arbustorum,  candidissima,  nernoralis,  hortensis,  sylvatica, 
Pisana,  splendida,  serpentina,  Niciensis,  variabilis,  fruticum, 
neglecta,  cespiturn,  ericetorum,  intersecta,  carthusianella, 
carthusiana,  diaphana,  concolor,  velutina,  obvoluta,  Cook- 
iana,  pileus,  papilla,  punctifera,  plicatula,  planorbella,  sea- 
bra,  cariosa,  crenulata,  planorbula,  macularia,  maritima,  stri- 
gata,  muralis,  rugosa,  cornea,  linguifera,  incarnata,  cinctella, 
cellaria,  nitida,  plebeium,  personata,  hispida,  rotundata,  api- 
cina,  striata,  conspurcata,  conica,  conoidea,  pulehella,  —  albo- 
labris,  hirsuta,  perspectiva,  lineata,  thyroidus,  minuta,  laby- 
rinthica,  multilineata,  appressa,  palliata,  inflecta,  clausa, 
obstricta,  elevata,  interna,  chersina,  gularis,  ligera,  solitaria, 
jejuna,  concava,  dealbata,  profunda,  alternata,  irrorata,  inor- 
nata,  indentata,  fallax,  egena,  tridentata,  monodon. 

CAROCOLLA.  Shell  orbicular,  more  or  less 
conoid  or  convex  above,  outline  sharp  and  an- 
gular, or  keeled  ;  aperture  broader  than  long, 
contiguous  to  the  axis  ;  lip  subangular,  often 
dentated  or  plaited  beneath. 

The  sharp  edge  of  the  last  whorl,  their  being  always 
orbicular,  and  sometimes  considerably  depressed,  are 
the  characteristics  of  this  genus. 


64  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

C^  acutissima,  albilabris,  angistoma,  labyrinthus.lucerna, 
inflata,  Gualteriana,  bicolor,  mauritiana,  Madngascarensis, 
marginata,  lychnuchus,planata,  planaria,  hispidula,  lapicida, 
albella,  elegans. 

ANASTOMA.  Shell  orbicular,  spire  convex, 
obtuse ;  aperture  rounded,  dentated  on  both 
sides,  within  ringent,  looking  towards  the 
spire  ;  lip  reflected. 

The  singular  position  of  the  aperture,  directed  up- 
wards towards  the  spine  of  the  shell,  is  the  character- 
istic of  this  genus,  and  peculiar  to  it. 

A.  depressa,  globulosa.* 

HELICINA.  Shell  subglobose,  imperforate  ; 
aperture  entire,  semi-oval ;  columella  callous, 
transverse,  flattened,  margin  acute,  forming  an 
angle  at  the  inferior  base  of  the  lip  ;  operculum 
horny. 

The  helicinse  resemble  small  neritse,  but  the  latter 
are  sea  shells.  They  are  distinguished  from  the  helices 
by  their  transverse  columella,  which  is  callous,  de- 
pressed, and  thin  at  the  lower  part.  They  are  land 
shells,  and  inhabit  warm  climates. 

H.  neritella,  slriata,  faseiata,  viridis, —  major,  orbiculata^ 
occulta. 

*POLYGYRA.— .  Say.  Shell  discoidal;  more  or  less  carinated  on 
the  upper  edge  of  the  whorls  j  umbilicated  j  aperture  longer  than 
broad  j  lips  thickened,  toothed,  or  folded  and  continued,  folds 
concave  beneath  j  pillar  lip  raised  above  the  preceding  whorl,  and 
concave  beneath. 

P.  auriculata,  avara,  septemvolva,  plicata. 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  65 

PUPA.  Shell  cylindrical,  generally  thick ; 
aperture  irregular,  semi-oval,  rounded  and 
subangular  inferiorly  ;  margins  nearly  equal, 
reflected  outwards,-  disjoined  above ;  a  colu- 
mellar  lamina,  firmly  fixed,  being  interposed. 

P.  mumia,  uva,  sulcata,  Candida,  labrosa,  fusus,  tridentata, 
fasciolata,  zebra,  unicarinata,  rnaculosa,  clavulata,  ovularis, 
germanica,  cinerea,  tridens,  quadridens,  polyodon,  variabilis, 
frumentum,  secale,  avena,  granum,  fragilis,  dolium,  umbili- 
cata,  muscorum, —  armifera,  corticaria,  rupicola,  contracta, 
exigua,  fallax,  ovata,  pentodon. 

CLAUSILIA.  Shell  generally  fusiform,  slen- 
der, somewhat  obtuse  at  summit;  aperture 
irregular,  rounded  oval ;  margins  united,  free, 
reflected  outwards. 

The  essential  character  of  the  clausilia  is,  that  the 
two  borders  of  the  aperture  are  completely  united,  free 
in  their  contour,  and  reflected  outwards. 

C.  torticollis,  trimcatula,  retusa,  costulata,  corrugata,  in- 
flata,  teres,  denticulata,  collaris,  papillaris,  plicatula,  rugosa. 

BTJLIMUS.  Shell  ovate,  oblong  or  turreted  ; 
aperture  entire,  longitudinal;  margins  very 
unequal,  disunited  above ;  columella  straight, 
smooth,  entire  at  the  base,  not  channelled. 

The  last  whorl  of  the  spine  of  the  bulimus  is  larger 
than  the  penultimate  ;  the  shell  is  never  orbicular,  like 
the  helix ;  it  differs  from  the  pupa  by  the  great  ine- 
quality of  the  two  margins  of  the  aperture,  the  right  of 
which  is  sometimes  considerably  thickened. 
5 


66  GENERA  OF  SHELLS. 

B.  ovatus,  hsemastomus,  gallina,  sultana,  zigzag,  undatusf 
Richii,  in  versus,  citrinus,  sultanus,  Pythogaster,  ovoideus, 
interruptus,  Peruvianus,  Favannii,  Kambeul,  calcareus, 
decollatus,  Lyonetianus,  inflatus,  radiatus,  fragilis,  Guadalup- 
ensis,  Mexicanus,  multifasciatus,  Bengalensis,  Caribaeo- 
rum,  octonus,  terebraster,  articulatus,  acutus,  ventricosus, 
montanus,  hordaceus,  lubricus,  —  multilatus,  multilineatus. 

ACHATINA.  Shell  ovate  or  oblong  ;  aper- 
ture entire,  longer  than  broad ;  lip  sharp, 
never  reflected.  Columella  smooth,  truncated 
at  base. 

This  genus  is  well  distinguished  from  the  former  by 
the  right  margin  being  never  reflected,  and  by  wanting 
that  on  the  left ;  the  columella  being  always  naked, 
very  smooth,  and  truncated  at  the  base. 

(a.)  Last  ichorl  ventricose,  not  depressed. 

A.  perdrix,  zebra,  immaculata,  purpurea,  acuta,  bicarinata, 
mauritiana,  castanea,  ustulata,  vexillum,  virginea,  Priam  us. 

(b.)  Last  whorl  depressed  or  attenuated  towards  the  base. 

A.  glans,  Peruviana,  albo-lineata,  fusctf-lineata,  fulminea, 
folliculus,  acicula  —  solida. 

SUCCINEA.  Shell  ovate  or  ovate  conic ;  aper- 
ture ample,  entire,  longer  than  broad;  lip 
acute,  not  reflexed,  uniting  inferiorly  with  the 
smooth,  thin,  sharp  columella.  No  operculum. 

The  succinese  live  habitually  on  land,  near  water, 
which  they  occasionally  frequent.  They  are  distin- 
guished from  the  bulimus  by  the  right  margin  being 
never  reflected,  and  from  the  lymnaja  by  their  colu- 
mella being  free  from  folds. 

S.  cucullata,  amphibia,  oblonga  —  ovalis,  campestris. 


GENERA  OF   SHELLS.  67 

AURICULA.  Shell  sub-oval  or  ovate  oblong  ; 
aperture  longer  than  broad,  very  entire  at 
base,  narrowing  upwards  where  its  margins 
are  disunited,  columella  with  one  or  more 
plaits.  Lip  with  the  margin  sometimes  re- 
flected, sometimes  simple  and  sharp. 

Land  shells,  and  distinguished  from  bulimus  by  the 
folds  on  the  columella. 

(a.)  Shells  with  the  margin  reflected  outwards. 
A.  auris-midae,  a.  Judae,  a.  Sileni,  a.  leporis,  a.  Gelis,  scara- 
bseus,  bovina,  caprella,  myosotis,  minima. 

(&.)  Shells  with  the  margin  simple  and  acute. 
A.  Dombeiana,  coniformis,  nitens,  monile. 

CYCLOSTOMA.  Shape  of  shell  variable  ; 
whorls  cylindrical,  aperture  circular,  regular ; 
margins  continuous,  dilated  or  reflected  by 
age.  An  operculum. 

Land  shells,  never  pearly,  generally  thin,  and  with- 
out scales  or  tubercles  on  the  outside ;  distinguished 
from  the  paludina  by  the  outward  reflection  of  the 
margin  of  the  adult  shell ;  whilst  in  paludina  it  is 
always  sharp,  and  not  reflected ;  from  the  pupa  by  the 
regularity  of  the  aperture,  which  is  never  angular. 

C,  planorbula,  volvulus,  carinata,  sulcata,  unicarinata, 
tricarinata,  obsoleta,  rugosa,  labeo,  interrupta,  ambigua,  sem- 
ilabris,  flavula,  fasciata,  mumia,  quaternata,  ferruginea,  de- 
cussata,  lineolata,  mammillaris,  ligata,  lincinella,  orbella, 
fimbriata,  multilabris,  elegans,  patulum,  truncatulum  — 
lapidaria,  marginata,  dentata. 


68  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

LYMNEANA. 

Shell  spirivalve,  the  external  surface  mostly  smooth  ;  the  right 
margin  of  the  aperture  always  sharp  and  not  reflected. 

PLANORBIS.  Shell  discoidal,  spine  depress- 
ed, scarcely  prominent ;  whorls  apparent  above 
and  below  ;  aperture  oblong,  lunated,  very  dis- 
tant from  the  axis ;  margin  never  reflexed. 
Operculum  none. 

Fresh  water  shells,  generally  thin,  brittle,  diapha- 
nous ;  the  whorls  of  some  are  subcylindrical,  of  others 
carinate  or  angular.  Aperture  sublongitudinal,with  an 
internal  projection  formed  by  the  penultimate  whorl. 

P.  cornu-arietis,  corneus,  carinatus,  lutescens,  orientalis, 
spirorbis,  vortex,  deformis,  contortus,  hispidus,  nitidus,  im- 
bricatus  —  armigerus,  trivolvis,  bicarinatus,  parvus,  paralle- 
lus,  exacuus,  campanulatus,  glabratus. 

PHYSA.  Shell  convolute,  or  oblong  ;  spire 
prominent.  Aperture  longitudinal,  narrowing 
superiorly.  Columella  twisted.  Lip  very  thin, 
sharp,  produced  somewhat  beyond  the  plane 
of  the  aperture.  No  operculum. 

Fresh  water  shells,  thin,  brittle,  and  generally  re- 
versed ;  distinguished  from  bulla  by  their  projecting 
spire,  and  from  lymnaea  by  the  aperture  not  being  dila- 
ted, the  right  margin  projecting  a  little  above  its  plane. 

P.  castanea,  fontinalis,hypnorum,  subopaca,  rivalis  —  gy- 
rjna,  elongata,  heterostropha,  ancillaria. 

LYMNJEA.  Shell  oblong,  sometimes  tur- 
reted  ;  spire  prominent.  Aperture  entire,  Ion  • 
gitudinal.  Lip  sharp,  its  inferior  part  rising 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  69 

upon  the  columella,  forming  a  very  oblique  fold 
as  it  enters  the  aperture.     No  operculum. 

The  very  oblique  fold  on  the  columella,  distinguishes 
it  from  bulimus,  and  the  regular,  uninterrupted  plane  of 
the  aperture  from  the  physa. 

L.  columnaris,  stagnalis,  palustris,  Virginiana,  luteola, 
acuminata,  auricularia,  ovata,  peregra,  intermedia,  leucosto- 
ma,  minuta,  — -  columella,  elongata,  catascopium,  reflexa,  ap- 
pressa,  elodes,  desidiosa,  macrostoma,  emarginata,  humilis, 
modicella,  obrussa,  pinguis,  galbana. 

MELANIANA. 

Margins  of  the  aperture  of  the  shell  disunited,  the  right  al- 
ways sharp. 

MELANIA.  Shell  turreted.  Aperture  entire, 
ovate  or  oblong,  effuse  at  base.  Columella 
smooth,  incurved.  A  horny  operculum. 

M.  asperata,  truncata,  coarctata,  punctata,  corrugata,  subu- 
lata,  IsBvigata,  clavus,  decpllata,  amarula,  thiarella,  spinulosa, 
granifera,  carinifera,  truncatula,  fasciolata,  —  nupera,  depygis, 
Virginica,  semicarinata,  laqueata,  canaliculata,  elevata, 
conica,  catenaria,  multilineata,  simplex,  proxima. 

MELANOPSIS.  Shell  turreted.  Aperture  en- 
tire, ovate  oblong.  Columella  callous  superi- 
orly, truncated  at  base,  separated  from  the  lip 
by  a  sinus.  Operculum. 

The  callus  on  the  upper  part  of  the  columella  dis- 
tinguishes melanopsis  from  melania,  as  well  as  its 
being  truncated  at  base,  like  the  achatina,  which  Is 
never  the  case  in  melania. 

M.  costata,  Ia3vigata. 


70  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

PIRENA.  Shell  turreted.  Aperture  longi- 
tudinal ;  lip  sharp,  with  a  sinus  at  the  base  and 
another  at  the  summit.  Base  of  columella 
curved  towards  the  lip.  Operculum  horny. 

Principally  distinguished  from  melanopsis  by  having 
no  callus  on  the  columella,  and  from  that  genus  and 
melania  by  a  sinus  both  at  the  base  and  summit  of  the 
right  lip. 

P.  terebralis,  spinosa,  aurita,  granulosa —  scalariformis. 

PERISTOMIANA. 

Shell  operculatedj  conoidal  or  subdiscoidal :  margin  of  the 
aperture  united. 

VALVATA.  Shell  discoidal  or  conoid  ; 
whorls  cylindrical,  not  modifying  the  spiral 
cavity.  Aperture  rounded ;  margins  united, 
sharp.  An  orbicular  operculum. 

V.  piscinalis — tricarinata. 

PALUDINA.  Shell  conoid  ;  whorls  rounded 
or  convex,  modifying  the  spiral  cavity.  Aper- 
ture round-oval,  longitudinal,  angular  at  sum- 
mit. Lips  united,  sharp,  never  curved  out- 
wards. Operculum,  round,  horny. 

The  paludinee  generally  live  in  fresh  water,  though 
some  inhabit  brackish,  and  even  salt  water.  They  are 
distinguished  from  the  valvataB  by  the  somewhat  elon- 
gated and  angular  form  of  the  aperture. 

P.  vivipara,  achatina,  Bengalensis,  unicolor,  impura,  mu- 
riatica,  viridis,  —  decisa,  vivipara,  subpurpurea,  intertexta, 
ponderosa,  integra,  porata,  limosa,  decipiens,  lustrica,  grana, 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  71 

AMPULLARIA.  Shell  globular,  inflated,  um- 
bilicated  at  base,  without  callosity  on  the  pillar 
lip.  Aperture  entire,  oblong  ;  margins  united. 
Lip  sharp,  not  reflexed.  Operculum. 

The  last  whorl  is  at  least  four  times  as  large  as  the 
penultimate.  The  colurnellar  lip  projects,  and  is  re- 
flected over  the  umbilicus,  forming  a  half  funnel,  but 
no  callus.  The  shells  are  generally  large. 

A.  Guyanensis,  rugosa,  fasciata,canaliculata,  effusa,  Guin- 
iaca,  virens,  carinata,  avellana,  intorta,  fragilis. 

NERITACEA. 

Shell  fluviatile  or  marine,  semiglolular  or  flattened  oval, 
without  columellctj  the  left  margin  of  the  opening  resem- 
bling a  half  partition. 

(1.)  Fresh  water  shells. 

NAVICELLA.  Shell  elliptic  or  oblong,  con- 
vex above,  concave  beneath ;  spire  straight, 
bending  over  to  the  lip.  Columella  flattened, 
sharp,  narrow,  toothless,  almost  transverse. 
Operculum  solid,  flat,  with  a  subulate  lateral 
tooth. 

Distinguished  from  nerita  and  neritina  by  the  sum- 
mit not  being  spirally  convolute.  The  transverse  left 
lip  never  covers  half  the  cavity. 

N.  elliptica,  lineata,  tessellata. 

NERITINA.  Shell  thin,  semiglobose  or  oval, 
flattened  beneath,  not  umbilicated.  Aperture 
semicircular,  pillar  lip  flattened  and  sharp  :  no 
teeth  nor  crenulations  on  the  internal  surface 


72  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

of  the  outer  lip.     Operculum  with  a  lateral 
tooth. 

N.  perversa,  pulligera,  dubia,  zebra,  zigzag,  gagates,  lugu- 
bris,  corona,  brevispina,  crepidularia,  auriculata,  Domingen- 
sis,  fasciata,  lineolata,  semi-conica,  strigilata,  meleagris, 
virginea,  fluviatilis,  viridis,  Boetica. 

(2.)  Marine  shells. 

NERITA.  Shell  solid,  semiglobose,  flattened 
beneath,  without  umbilicus.  Aperture  semi- 
orbicular,  entire  ;  pillar  lip  flattened,  septiform, 
sharp,  often  toothed ;  teeth  or  crenulations  on 
the  internal  face  of  the  outer  lip.  Operculum 
with  an  apophysis. 

The  spire  is  but  little  elevated  above  the  last  whorl. 
The  operculum  is  crescent  shaped,  horny  or  calcareous, 
and  exactly  closes  the  aperture.  The  nerita  differs 
from  neritina  by  the  internal  face  of  the  right  margin 
being  crenate,  and  from  natica  by  having-  no  umbilicus. 

N.  exuviartextilis,  undata,  peloronta,  chlorostoma,  atrata, 
polita,  albicilla,  chamoeleon,  versicolor,  Ascensionis,  Malac- 
censis,  lineata,  scabricosta,  plicata,  tessellata,  signata. 

NATICA.  Shell  subglobose,  umbilicate.  Aper- 
ture entire,  semi-circular  ;  pillar  lip  oblique, 
not  toothed,  callous  :  callosity  modifying  the 
umbilicus  and  sometimes  covering  it.  Outer 
lip  sharp,  always  smooth  within.  An  opercu- 
lum. 

Distinct  from  nerita  by  the  umbilicus,  and  by  the 
columellar  margin  not  being  crenate  but  smooth  and 
callous,  and  by  the  smoothness  of  the  interior  of  the 
right  lip. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  73 

N.  glaucina,  albumen,  mamillarisj  mamilla,  melanostoma, 
aurantia,  conica,  plumbea,  ampullaria,  canrena,  cruentata, 
millepunctata,  vitellus.  helvacea,  collaria,monilifera,  labrel- 
la,  rufa,  unifasciata,  lineata,  fulminea,  maculosa,  vittata, 
castanea,  Marochierisis,  arachnoidea,  zebra,  zonaria,  Chinen- 
sis,  Javanica,  cancellata, — triseriata,  duplicata,  rugosa,  heros, 
pusilla. 

JANTHINEA. 

JANTHINA.  Shell  ventricose,  conoid,  thin, 
pellucid.  Aperture  triangular  :  columella 
straight,  produced  beyond  the  base  of  the  lip  : 
lip  having  a  sinus  in  the  middle.  No  opercu- 
lum. 

J.  communis,  exigua. 

MACROSTOMIANA. 

Shell  ear  shaped,  aperture  much  dilated,  the  margins  disu- 
nited, no  columella,  no  operculum. 

SIGARETUS.  Shell  subauriform,  nearly  or- 
bicular, pillar  lip  short  and  spiral.  Aperture 
entire,  much  dilated,  longer  than  broad,  mar- 
gins disconnected. 

S.  haliotideus,  concavus,  laevigatus,  cancellatus  —  per- 
spectivus,  maculatus. 

STOMATELLA.  Shell  orbicular  or  oblong, 
auriform,  imperforate.  Aperture  entire,  am- 
ple, sublongitudinal ;  lip  effuse,  dilated,  gaping. 

Distinguished  from  stomatia  by  not  having  the  trans- 
verse rib  of  that  shell,  nor  the  right  lip  so  much  ele- 
vated: and  from  haliotis,  by  wanting  the  foramina 
which  mark  that  genus. 


74  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

S.  imbricata,  rubra,  sulcifera,  auricula,  planulata. 

STOMATIA.  Shell  earshaped,  imperforate ; 
spire  prominent.  Aperture  entire,  oblong, 
ample ;  lips  equally  raised.  A  transverse, 
tuberculous  rib  along  the  back. 

Distinguished  from  haliotis  by  the  dorsal  rib  being 
imperforate. 
S.  phymotis,  obscurata. 

HALIOTIS.  Shell  earshaped,  generally  flat- 
tened ;  spire  very  short,  sometimes  depressed, 
nearly  lateral.  Aperture  very  large,  longer  than 
broad,  entire  in  its  perfect  state.  Disc  per- 
forated with  holes  disposed  in  a  line  parallel  to 
to  the  pillar  lip,  and  near  it,  the  last  beginning 
by  a  notch. 

H.  Midse,  iris,  tubifera,  excavata,  australis,  tuberculata, 
striata,  asinina,  glabra,  lamellosa,  unilateralis,  rugosa,  ca- 
naliculata,  tricostalis,  dubia. 

PLICACEA. 

Aperture  of  the  shell  not  effuse  ;  columella  plaited. 
Distinct  from  the  auriculae  by  their  general  form  and 
projecting  spire;    and   from  voluta,     mitra,   &c.  by 
having  no  notch  at  the  base  of  the  aperture. 

TORNATELLA.  Shell  convolute,  ovate  cy- 
lindrical, generally  striated  transversely,  and 
free  from  epidermis.  Aperture  oblong,  entire  ; 
lip  sharp.  One  or  more  folds  on  the  columella. 

T.  flammea,  solidula,  fasciata,  auricula,  nitidula,  pedipes.' 

PYRAMIDELLA.     Shell  turreted,  destitute  of 


GENERA   OF    SHELLS.  75 

epidermis  ;  aperture  entire,  semioval ;  lip  sharp. 
Columella  produced  inferiorly,  subperforate  at 
base,  with  three  transverse  plaits. 

P.  terebellum,  —  dolabrata,  plicata,  corrugata,  maculosa. 

SCALARIANA. 

Shell  imthout  plaits  on  the  columella  ;  margins  of  the  aper- 
ture circularly  united. 

The  shells  of  the  scalarianae  have  a  tendency  to  form 
a  loose  spire,  so  that  the  whorls  are  often  disunited  and 
do  not  rest  on  one  another. 

VERMETUS.  Shell  thin,  tubular,  loosely 
spiral ;  spire  adhering  by  its  apex ;  aperture 
circular  ;  margins  united.  Operculum. 

This  shell  greatly  resembles  a  serpula  :  but  its  ani- 
mal is  not  one  of  the  annulata,  but  a  true  molluscum. 
V.  lumbricalis. 

SCALARIA.  Shell  subturreted,  with  longi- 
tudinal, elevated,  interrupted,  nearly  sharp  ribs  ; 
aperture  nearly  circular  ;  the  two  margins  unit- 
ing and  terminated  by  a  thin,  recurved  rim. 

S.  pretiosa,  lamellosa,  coronata,  varicosa,  communis,  aus- 
tralis,  raricosta,  —  multistriata,  liheata,  clathratulus. 

DELPHINULA.  Shell  subdiscoidal  or  coni- 
cal ;  umbilicated,  solid  ;  whorls  rough  or  angu- 
lar. Aperture  entire,  round,  sometimes  trian- 
gular; margins  united,  generally  fringed  or 
rimmed. 

Distinguished  from  turbo  by  the  united  margins. 


76  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

D.  laciniata,  distorta,  turbinopsis,  —  laxa. 

TURBINACEA. 

Shell   turrcted  or  conoidal ;  aperture  round  and  oblong,  not 

effuse,  margins  disunited. 

All  sea  shells,  and  appear  to  be  operculated.  When 
placed  on  the  base,  the  axis  is  always  more  or  less  in- 
clined, never  vertical. 

SOLARIUM,  Shell  orbicular,  in  form  of  a 
depressed  cone,  umbilicated ;  umbilicus  open, 
crenulated,  or  dentated  on  the  internal  margin 
of  the  spires  ;  aperture  subquadrangular.  Co- 
lumella  wanting. 

The  crenate  umbilicus  of  the  solarium  sufficiently 
distinguishes  it  from  the  trochus  and  planorbis. 

S.  perspectivum,  granulatum,  laevigatum,  stramineum, 
hybrid um,  variegatum,  luteum. 

ROTELLA.  Shell  orbicular,  shining,  without 
epidermis  ;  spire  very  short,  subconic  ;  inferior 
face  convex,  callous  ;  aperture  semicircular. 

Distinguished  from  trochus  by  the  lower  surface 
being  remarkably  callous,  and  from  helicina  by  the 
callus  not  being  confined  to  the  cohimellar  lip,  but  ex- 
tending over  a  large  portion  of  the  lower  side  of  the 
shell.  • 

R.  lineolata,  rosea,  suturalis,  monilifera,  Javanica. 

TROCHUS.  Shell  conical  ;  spire  elevated, 
sometimes  abbreviated  ;  outline  more  or  less 
angular,  often  thin  and  sharp  ;  aperture  trans- 
versely depressed ;  margins  disunited  above. 


GENERA    OF    SHELLS.  7? 

Columella  arcuated,  more  or  less  swelling  at 
base.     Operculum. 

Many  trochi  have  a  brilliant,  pearly  surface,  and  sev- 
eral have  longitudinal  ribs,  which,  we  believe,  are 
never  found  in  the  turbo. 

T.  imperialis,  longispina,  Solaris,  Indicus,  radians,  pileus, 
calyptraBformis,  fimbriatus,  brevispina,  rotularius,  Stella,  stel- 
laris,  rhodostomus,  spinulosus,  costulatus,  inermis,  agglu- 
tinans,  coelatus,  tuber,  magus,  merula,  argyrostomus,  Cookii, 
Niloticus,  pyramidalis,  noduliferus,  coerulescens,  obeliscus, 
virgatus,  maculatus,  granosus,  squarrosus,  incrassatus,  flam- 
mulatus,  elatus,  marmoratus,  mauritianus,  imbricatus,  trise- 
rialis,  crenulatus,  asperulus,  acutus,  lineatus,  ziziphinus, 
conuloides,  conulus,  jujubinus,  Javanicus,  annulatus,  dola- 
rius,  granulatus,  granatum,  moniliferus,  iris,  ornatus,  bicin- 
gulatus,  calliferus,  umbilicaris,  undatus,  Pharaonis,  sagitti- 
ferus,  carneolus,  cinerarius,  excavatus,  nanus,  pyramidatus, 
erythroleucos. 

MONODONTA.  Shell  ovate  or  conical ;  aper- 
ture entire,  rounded  ;  margins,  disconnected 
above;  columella  arcuated,  truncated  at  base. 
Operculum. 

Distinguished  from  trochus  chiefly  by  the  more  cir- 
cular form  of  the  mouth  :  from  turbo  by  the  columella 
being  truncated  at  base  and  forming  the  characteristic 
tooth-like  projection  in  the  aperture. 

M.bicolor,  pagodus,  tectum-persicum,papillosa, coronaria, 
^Egyptigca,  carchedonius,  modulus,  tectum,  labio,  australis, 
canalifera,  viridis,  fragaroides,  constricta,  tricarinata,  articu- 
lata,  lugubris,  punctulata,  canaliculata,  seminigra,  rosea, 
lineata. 

TURBO.     Shell  conoid  or  subturreted  ;  out- 


78  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

line  never  compressed  ;  aperture  entire,  round- 
ed, not  modified  by  the  penultimate  whorl  : 
margins  separate  above.  Columella  arcuated, 
flattened,  not  truncated  at  base.  Operculum. 

The  axis  of  the  shell  is  generally  more  inclined  than 
that  of  the  trochus. 

T.  marmoratus,  imperialis,  torquatus,  Sarmaticus,  cornu- 
tus,  argyrostomus,  chrysostonms,  radiatus,  margaritaceus, 
setosus,  Spenglerianus,  petholatus,  undulatus,  pica,  versico- 
lor,  smaragdus,  cidaris,  diaphanus,  rugosus,  coronatus, 
crenulatus,  hippocastaneum,  muricatus,  littoreus,  ustulatus, 
Nicobaricus,  neritoides,  retusus,  rudis,  obtusatus,  pullus, 
coerulescens,  cancellatus,  costatus,  —  irroratus,  canaliculatus, 
palliatus,  vestita,  obligatus. 

PLANAXIS.  Shell  ovate,  conical,  solid  ; 
aperture  ovate,  sublongitudinal.  Columella 
flat,  truncated  at  base,  separated  from  the  outer 
lip  by  a  narrow  sinus.  Interior  surface  of  the 
right  magin  furrowed  or  lineated,  and  a  callos- 
ity running  under  the  summit. 

The  planaxis  is  distinguished  from  phasianella  by 
the  truncation  of  the  columella:  it  is  transversely  fur- 
rowed externally,  and  generally  small  in  size. 

P.  sulcata,  undulata. 

PHASIANELLA.  Shell  oval  or  conic,  solid; 
aperture  ovate,  longer  than  broad,  entire;  lips 
separate  above,  the  right  sharp,  not  reflected. 
Columella  smooth,  compressed,  attenuated  at 
base.  Operculum  calcareous  or  horny. 


GENERA    OF  SHELLS.  79 

P.  bulimoides,  rubens,  variegata,  elegans,  Peruviana,  ne- 
bulosa,  sulcata,  Mauritiana,  angulifera. 

TURRITELLA.  Shell  turreted,  not  pearly ; 
aperture  rounded,  entire  ;  lips  disunited  above, 
the  right  having  a  sinus.  Operculum  horny. 

Distinguished  from  turbo  by  the  general  form  of  the 
shell  and  by  the  sinus  on  the  right  lip,  a  constant 
character.  Most  of  the  species  are  transversely  carin- 
ated  or  striated,  but  none  of  them  have  vertical  ribs, 
varices  or  tubercles. 

T.  duplicata,  terebra,  imbricata,  replicata,  fuscata,  cornea, 
brevialis,  bicingulata,  trisulcata,  exoleta,  carinifera,  australis, 
Virginiana, —  concava,  sequalis,  alternata,  reticulata,  im- 
pressa,  bisuturalis, 

SECT.  II.— TRACHELIPODA  ZOOPHAGA. 

Shell  spirivalve,  ensheathing :  aperture  either  canaliculate, 
notched  or  inclined  at  the  base. 

CANALIFERA. 

Shell  with  a  caned  more  or  less  long  at  the  base  of  the 
aperture,  the  right  lip  of  which  does  not  change  its 
form  by  age. 

DlV.  I. — 'NO  CONSTANT  VARIX  ON  THE  OUTER  LIP. 

CERITHIUM.  Shell  turreted  ;  aperture  ob- 
long, oblique,  terminated  at  its  base  by  a  short 
canal,  truncated  or  recurved,  never  emarginate. 
A  slight  channel  at  the  upper  extremity  of  the 
lip.  Operculum,  small,  orbicular,  horny. 

The  spire  of  the  shell  constitutes  at  least  two  thirds 


80  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

of  its  whole  length :  the  last  whorl  being  but  little 
larger  than  the  preceding  one,  the  shell  has  the  form  of 
an  elongated  pyramid:  surface  generally  striated  or 
tubercular  and  sometimes  varicose. 

C.  giganteum,  palustre,  sulcatum,  telescopium,  ebeninum, 
nodulosum,  vulgatum,  obeliscus.  granulatum,  aluco,  echina- 
tum,  erythra3onense,  muricatum,  radula,  crassum,  decolla- 
tum,  obtusum,  semigranosum,  asperurn,  lineatum,  vertagus, 
fasciatum,subulatum,  heteroclites,zonale,  semiferrugineum, 
torulosuin,  tuberculatum,  morus,  ocellatum,  litteratum,  atra- 
tum,  eburneum,  punctatum,  lima,  perversum,  —  muscarurn, 
septemstriatum,  ferrugineum,  dislocatum. 

PLEUROTOMA.  Shell  either  turreted  or  fusi- 
form ;  terminated  inferiorly  by  a  straight  canal 
more  or  less  elongated.  Lip  at  its  upper  part 
having  a  fissure  or  emargination. 

P.  imperialis,  auriculifera,  muricata,  echinata,  flavidula, 
interrupta,  crenularis,  cincta,  unizonalis,  lineata,  spirata, 
fascialis,  birnarginata,  buccinoides,  cingulifera,  virgo,  baby- 
lonia, undosa,  marmorata,  tigrina,  crispa,  albina,  nodifera. 

TURBINELLA.  Shell  turbmated  or  subfusi- 
form,  channelled  at  base.  Columella  with  three 
to  five  compressed,  transverse  plaits. 

Distinguished  from  voluta  by  the  canal  at  the  base 
of  the  aperture :  from  murex  by  having  no  varices, 
and  from  fasciolaria  by  the  direction  of  the  folds  on 
the  columella. 

T.  scolymus,  rapa,  napus,  pyrum,  pugillaris,  rhinoceros, 
cornigera,  ceramica,  capitellum,  mitis.  globulus,  leucozona- 
lis,  rustica,  cingulifera,  polygona,  carinifera,  infundibulum, 
craticulata,  lineata,  nassatula,  triserialis,  variolaris,  ocellata. 


GENERA  OF   SHELLS.  Q\ 

CANCELLARIA.  Shell  oval  or  turreted  ; 
aperture  sub- channelled  at  base  ;  canal  very 
short  or  wanting.  Columella  plaited,  the  folds 
few  or  numerous,  for  the  most  part  transverse  ; 
lip  furrowed  within. 

C.  reticulata,  asperella,  scalarina,  scalariformis,  nodulosa, 
cancellata,  senticosa,  citharella,  spirata,  obliquata,  rugosa, 
ziervogeliana. 

FASCIOLARTA.  Shell  subfusiform,  channelled 
at  base,  without  varices.  Columella  having 
two  or  three  very  oblique  folds  near  the  canal. 

Distinguished  from  fusus  by  the  folds  on  the  colu- 
mella,  and  from  turbinella  by  their  oblique  direction. 

F.  tulipa,  clistans,  trapezium,  aurantiaca,  filamentosa, 
coronata,  ferruginea,  Tarentina. 

Fusus.  Shell  fusiform  or  subfusiform  ; 
channelled  at  base,  ventricose  at  the  middle  or 
inferiorly,  without  varices.  Spire  elevated  and 
elongated.  Lip  entire  ;  columella  smooth. 
Operculum  horny. 

F.  colosseus,  longissimus,  colus,  tuberculatus,  Nicobaricus, 
distans,  torulosus,  incrassatus,  multicarinatus,  sulcatus,  an- 
tiquus,  despectus,  carinatus,  proboscidiferus,  Islandicus,  mo- 
rio,  coronatus,  cochlidium,  corona,  raphanus,  filosus,  ])o\y- 
gorioides,  verruculatus,  lignarius,  Syracusanus,  strigosus, 
varius,  crebricostatus,  afer,  rubens,  sinistralis,  Nifat,  articu- 
latus,  buccinatus,  aculeiformis,  scalarinus,  contrarius,  — cor- 
neus,  cinereus,  bicolor,  decemcostatus,  fluviatilis. 

PYRULA.     Shell  sub-pyriformj  channelled  at 
base,  ventrieose   above,  without  varices ;  spire 
6 


82  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

short  sometimes  flattened.     Columella  smooth. 
Lip  entire. 

The  pyrula  differs  widely  from  fusus,  by  its  short 
spire,  and  by  the  remarkable  inflation  of  the  last  whorl, 
being  always  at  the  upper  part  of  the  shell. 

P.  canaliculata,  carica,  perversus,  candelabrum,  tuba,  bu- 
cephala,  vespertilio,  melongena,  reticulata,  ficus,  ficoides, 
spirata,  spirillus,  elongata,  ternatana,  bezoar,  rapa,  papyra- 
cea,  galeodes,  angulata,  squamosa,  nodosa,  citrina;abbreviata, 
neritoidea,  deformis,  lineata,  plicata. 

DlV.     II. LlP      CONSTANTLY     WITH    CALLUS,    IN   ALL 

SPECIES. 

STRUTHIOLARIA.  Shell  oval,  spire  elevated  ; 
aperture  oval,  sinuated,  terminated  at  base  by 
a  very  short  canal,  straight,  entire.  Pillar  lip 
callous,  expanded,  outer  lip  sinuate,  thickened 
without. 

The  struthiolaria  is  distinguished  from  buccinum 
by  having  no  notch  at  the  base  of  the  canal,  and  by  the 
varix  on  the  right  lip. —  It  has  no  other  varix. 

S.  nodulosa,  crenulata. 

RANELLA.  Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  sub-de^ 
pressed,  channelled  at  base,  with  two  rows  of 
varices  exteriorly  ;  aperture  rounded  or  sub- 
ovate  ;  varices  more  or  less  oblique,  at  each 
half  of  a  turn,  forming  a  longitudinal  series  on 
each  side. 

Distinguished  from  struthiolaria  and  murex  by  the 
position  of  the  varices  and  somewhat  flattened  form  of 
the  shell. 


GENERA    OF  SHELLS.  83 

R.  gigantea,  leucostoma,  candisata,  argus,  crumena,  spi- 
nosa,  bufonia,  granulata,  granifera,  semigranosa,  bitubercu- 
laris,  ranina,  anceps,  pygmrea,  lasvigata, — caudata. 

MUREX.  Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  channelled 
at  base,  with  rough  tubercular  or  spiny  varices 
without.  Aperture  rounded  ;  varices  three  or 
more  on  each  whorl,  the  inferior  obliquely 
joined  to  the  others  by  a  longitudinal  series. 
Operculum  horny. 

The  struthiolaria  has  only  one  varix,  which  is  on 
the  right  lip :  the  ranella  two,  at  opposite  sides  of  the 
shell,  and  the  murex  three  or  more  on  each  whorl, 
forming  longitudinal  rows  on  the  shell,  inclining  to- 
wards one  side  near  the  summit  of  the  spire. 

(I.)  Shells   icith  slender,  abrupt  tails,  always  longer  than  the 
aperture. 

M.  cornutus,  brandaris,  crassispina,  tenuispina,  rarispiria, 
ternispina,  brevispina,  haustellum,  tenuirostrum;  motacilla. 
(2.)  Tails  thick,  not  abrupt,  more  or   less  long.  —  (a.)  Three 
varices. 

M.  inflatus,  elongatus,  palmarosee,  brevifrons,  calcitrapa, 
adustus,  rufus,  axicornis,  cervicornis,  aculeatus,  microphyl- 
lus,  capucinus,  asperrimus,  phyllopterus,  acanthopterus, 
tripterus,  trigonularis,  uncinarius,  hemitripterus,  gibbosus, 
triqueter,  trigonulus. 

(b.)  More  than  three  varices. 

M.  brassica,  saxatilis,  endivia,  radix,  melanomathos,  hexa- 
gonus,  scorpio,  secundus,  quadrifrons,  turbinatus,  trunculus, 
anguliferus,  melonulus,  Magellanicus,  lamellosus,  erinaceus, 
Tarentinus.  scaber,  costularis,  polygonulus,  vitulinus,  an- 
gularis,crispatus,fenestratus,  cingulatus,  cinguliferus,  subca- 
rinatus,  torosus,  lyratus,  concatenatus,  granarius,  fimbriatus, 
pulchellus,  aciculatus,  tripteroides,  tricarinatus. 


84  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

TRITON.  Shell  oval  or  oblong,  channelled 
at  base  ;  varices  alternate,  rare  or  subsolitary, 
never  forming  a  longitudinal  series.  Aperture 
oblong.  Operculum. 

Sometimes  the  triton  has  only  one  varix,  viz.  on  the 
right  lip,  which  is  never  wanting.  The  varices  are 
generally  smooth,  never  spinous. 

T.  variegatum,nodifernm,  australe,  lampas,  scrobiculator, 
Spengleri,  corrugatum,  succinctum,  pileare,  lotorium,  femo- 
rale,  pyrum,  cynocephalum,  tripus,  eanaliferurn,  retusum, 
clavator,  tuberosum,  vespaceum,  chlorostornum,  anus,  cla- 
thratum,  subdistortum,  cancellatum,  maculosum,  clandes- 
tinum,  rubecola,  cutaceum,  dolarium,  tranquebaricum, 
undosum. 

ALATA. 

Shell  with  a  more  or  Jess  elongated  canal  at  the  base  of  the 
aperture,  the  right  lip  of  lohich  changes  its  farm  with  age, 
and  has  a  sinus  at  the  lower  part. 

ROSTELLARIA.  Shell  fusiform  or  subturret- 
ed,  terminated  inferiorly  in  a  canal,  with  a 
pointed  beak.  Lip  entire  or  dentated,  more 
or  less  dilated  by  age,  with  a  sinus  contiguous 
to  the  canal. 

The  right  lip  of  these  shells  rests,  at  the  upper  part, 
against  the  elongated  spire,  and  sometimes  runs  along 
it :  the  sinus  at  the  lower  part  of  the  same  lip  is  quite 
contiguous  to  the  canal,  which  is  not  the  case  either 
with  pterocera  or  strombus. 

R.  curvirostris,  recticornis,  pes  pelicani,  macroptera,  co- 
lumbata,  fissurella. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  85 

PTEROCERA.  Shell  ovate  oblong,  ventricose, 
terminated  inferiorly  by  an  elongated  canal. 
Lip  dilating  by  age  into  a  digitate  wing,  and 
having  a  sinus  towards  the  base.  Spire  short. 
The  canal  at  the  base  is  not  shortened  and  truncated 
as  in  the  strombi,  but  elongated  and  caudiforrn,  attenu- 
ated towards  the  extremity  and  frequently  closed.  The 
sinus  is  not  contiguous  to  the  body  of  the  shell  as  in 
rostellaria.  The  strornbi  differ  only  in  wanting  the 
digitations  of  the  dilated  wing  and  by  their  short 
canal. 

P.  truncata,  lambis;  millepeda,  pseudo  scorpio,  scorpio, 
aurantia,  chiragra. 

STROMBUS.  Shell  ventricose,  terminating  in 
a  short  emarginate  or  truncate  canal.  Lip 
dilating  by  age  into  a  simple  wing,  lobed  or 
crenate  superiorly,  and  having  a  sinus  distinct 
from  the  canal  or  ernargination  of  the  base, 
inferiorly. 

Distinguished  from  pterocera  by  the  digitations  of 
the  right  lip  and  by  the  canal  being  short,  truncated  or 
notched  :  from  rostellaria  by  the  sinus  being  separated 
from  the  canal  by  a  portion  of  the  lip. 

S.  gigas,  accipitrinus,  latissimus,  tricornis,  gallus,  bitu- 
berculatus,  cristatus,  dilatatus,  bubonius,  lentiginosus,  auris 
Dianae,  pugilis,  pyrulatus,  gibberulus,  luhuanus,  Mauritianus, 
canarium,  Isabella,  vittatus,  epidromis,  columba,  succinctus, 
troglodytes,  tridentatus,  urceus,  plicatus,  floridus,  papilio, 
lineatuSj  marginatus?  turritus,  cancellatus,  canalis. 


86  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

PURPURIFERA. 

Shell  with  a  short  canal  ascending  posteriorly,  or  an  oblique 
notch  or  demi-canal  at  the  base  of  the  aperture,  directed  to- 
wards the  back. 

Div.   I.  —  CANAL  ASCENDING   OR    CURVED    TOWARDS 

THE     BACK. 

CAS  SID  ARIA.  Shell  obovate,  or  ovate  ob- 
long. Aperture  longitudinal,  narrow,  termin- 
ating at  base,  in  a  curved,  subascending  canal. 
Lap  varicose  or  reflected  ;  pillar  lip  covering 
the  columella,  often  rough,  granular,  tubercu- 
lous or  wrinkled. 

Distinguished  from  cassis  by  being,  in  general,  less 
inflated,  but  chiefly  by  its  short  canal,  not  being  ab- 
ruptly turned  towards  the  back  of  the  shell  and  being 
but  slightly  curved  or  ascending.  The  spire  is  short, 
without  continuous  varices :  the  columella  is  generally 
loaded  with  small,  oblong,  wrinkled  tubercles  lying  in 
a  transverse  direction. 

(a.)  Spire  having1  varices. 

C.     echinophora,    thyrrena,    cingulata,   striata,   oniscus, 
cancellata,   carinata,   flammea,   fasciata,    glauca,  crumena, 
plicaria,  areola,  zebra,  decussata,  abbreviata. 
(£>.)  Spire  without  varices. 

C.  rufa,  pennata,  testiculus,  achatina,  pyrum,  zeylanica, 
sulcosa,  granulosa,  saburon,  canaliculata,  semigranosa,  vibex, 
erinaceus,  harpseformis. 

CASSIS.  Shell  inflated.  Aperture  longi- 
tudinal, narrow,  terminated  at  base  by  a  short 
canal,  turning  abrupt  backwards.  Columella 


GENERA    OF    SHELLS.  87 

plaited  or  transversely  wrinkled.  Lip  usually 
dentated. 

Distinguished  from  buccinum  by  the  longitudinal 
direction  and  narrow  form  of  its  aperture,  by  the  right 
lip  being  toothed,  by  the  flattening  of  the  pillar  lip, 
which  generally  projects  considerably  to  the  left  side, 
and  by  the  abrupt  reflection  of  the  base  of  the  canal 
towards  the  back  of  the  shell.  The  spire  is  but  little 
elevated  and  often  interrupted  by  oblique,  keel-shaped 
varices. 

C.  tuberosa,  Madagascarensis,  cornuta. 

DlV.     II. AN    OBLIQUE    NOTCH    INCLINING   BACK- 
WARDS. 

RICINULA.  Shell  ovate,  generally  tubercu- 
lous or  spinous  without.  Aperture  oblong, 
presenting  inferiorly  a  semicanal,  turning  back- 
wards, terminated  by  an  oblique  notch ;  une- 
qually toothed  on  the  columella  and  internal 
surface  of  the  lip,  generally  contracting  the 
aperture. 

The  ricinulaB  are  generally  small  shells :  the  spire 
often  low  and  covered  with  tubercles  or  spinous  points 
like  the  fruit  of  the  ricinus.  The  aperture  is  generally 
tinged  with  purple  or  violet. 

R.  horrida,  miticula,  clathrata,  arachnoides,  digitata,  as- 
pera,  morus,  mutica,  pisolina. 

PURPURA.  Shell  oval,  sometimes  smooth, 
sometimes  tuberculous  or  angular.  Aperture 
dilated,  terminating  inferiorly  in  an  oblique, 


88  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

sub -channelled  emargination.     Columella  flat- 
tened, terminating  at  base  in  a  point. 

The  purpura  is  distinguished  by  the  dilated  aperture, 
and  the  flattened  and  generally  naked  columella,  ter- 
minating in  a  point  at  the  base,  whose  notch  turns  a 
little  upwards  posteriorly. 

P.  Persica,  Rudolphi,  patula,  columellaris,  succincta,  con- 
sul, armigera,  bitubercularis,  hippocastanum,  undata,  lia?ma&- 
toma,  mancinella,  bufo,  callosa,  neritoides,  planospira, 
callifera,  coronata,  carinifera,  scalariformis,  sacellum,  squa- 
mosa,  rugosa,  textilosa,  sertum,  Francolinus,  limbosa,  ligata, 
cruenta,  lapillus,  imbricata,  lagenaria,  cataracta,  bicostalis, 
plicata,  fiscella,  thiarella,  rustica,semi-imbricata,  echinulata, 
hystrix,  deltoidea,  unifascialis,  retusa,  trochlea,  clavus, 
fasciolaris  vexillum,  bizonalis,  nucleus. 

MONOCEROS.  Shell  oval.  Aperture  longi- 
tudinal, terminating  inferiorly  by  an  oblique 
sinus  ;  a  conic  tooth  at  the  base  of  the  lip 
internally. 

The  only  distinguishing  character  between  the  mo- 
noceros  and  purpura,  is  the  projecting,  horn  shaped 
conical  tooth,  on  the  right  lip,  which  is  constant  in  all 
species. 

M.  imbricatum,  striatum,  glabratum,  crassilabrum. 

CONCHOLEPAS.  Shell  ovate,  inflated,  semi- 
spiral  ;  summit  inclined  obliquely  to  the  left 
margin.  Aperture  ample,  longitudinal,  ob- 
lique, with  a  slight  emargination  below.  Two 
teeth  at  the  base  of  the  lip.  Operculum  ob- 
long, thin,  horny. 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS.  89 

This  shell  was  formerly  placed  with  the  patellae ; 
but  on  account  of  the  notch  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
aperture,  and  from  its  having  an  operculum,  it  differs 
materially. 

C.  Peruvianus. 

HARPA.  Shell  oval,  more  or  less  inflated, 
having  parallel,  longitudinal,  inclined,  com- 
pressed and  acute  ribs.  Aperture  emarginated 
inferiorly  ;  without  a  canal.  Spire  short. 
Columella  smooth,  flattened,  and  pointed  at 
base. 

H.  imperialis,  ventricosa,  conoidalis,  nobilis,  articularis, 
rosea,  minor,  striata,  mutica. 

DOLIUM.  Shell  thin,  ventricose,  inflated, 
generally  subglobular,  rarely  oblong,  trans- 
versely banded.  Lip  dentate  or  crenulate 
throughout.  Aperture  oblong,  emarginate  in- 
feriorly. 

The  dolium  is  distinguished  from  the  harpa,  terebra, 
eburna,  &c.by  having  no  longitudinal  ribs,  by  their  in- 
flated, ventricose,  subglobular  form,  the  spire  being 
much  shorter  than  the  lower  whorl,  whence  the  aper- 
ture is  very  large,  and  occupies  more  than  two  thirds 
the  length  of  the  shell.  They  are  thin,  and  attain  a 
large  size.  They  are  all  encircled  by  transverse  bands, 
which  render  the  margin  of  the  lip  crenate  throughout. 

D.  galea,  olearium,  maculatum,  fasciatum,  pomum,  varie- 
gatum,  perdix. 

BUCCINUM.      Shell    ovate    or    ovate-conic. 
Aperture  longitudinal,  having  at  base  a  notch, 


90  GENERA  OF   SHELLS. 

without    a  canal.      Columella   not   flattened, 
turgid  above,  undate  curved. 

The  buccina  are  marine  shore  shells,  the  greater 
part  very  small,  though  some  obtain  a  medium  size. 
Those  which  have  a  callous  columella  were  separated 
into  a  distinct  genus  called  nassa,  which  has  since  been 
reunited  to  buccinum. 

B.  undatum,  glaciale,  Anglicanum,  papyraceum,  annula- 
tum,  Ia3vissimum,  testudineum,  achatinum,  glans,  papillo- 
8um,  olivaceum,  canaliculatum,  crenulatum,  reticulatum, 
Tranquebaricum,lineatum,fuscatum,lineolatum,maculosum, 
politum,  suturale,  rnutabile,  inflatum,  retusum,  ventncosum, 
gemrnulatum,  Coromandelianum,  fasciatum,  miga,  lyratum, 
tricarinatum,  Brasilianum,  semiconvexum,  fasciolatum,  vin- 
osum,  tenuiplicatum,  subspinosum,  Ascanias,  Ia3vigatum, 
flexuosum,  aciculatum,  corniculatum,  cribrarium,  grana, 
coccinella,  zebra,  dermestoideum,  aurantium,  pediculare, — 
ornaturn,  armigerum,  bezoar. 

Columella  callous,  (Nassa.)  B.  arcularia,coronatum,  Ther- 
sites,  gibbulosum,  pullus,  marginulatum,  pauperatum,  poly- 
gonatum,  neriteum,  —  vibex,  trivittata,  obsoleta,  acuta, 
unicincta,  alba,  lunata. 

EBURNA.  Shell  oval  or  elongated  ;  lip  per- 
fectly simple.  Aperture  longitudinal,  emar- 
ginate  at  base.  Columella  urnbilicated  at  its 
upper  part  and  channelled  below  the  umbilicus. 

Distinguished  from  buccinum  by  the  singular  posi- 
tion of  the  umbilicus,  of  the  columella,  which  is  also 
produced  so  as  to  form  a  canal,  which  occupies  the 
rest  of  the  left  lip. 

E.  glabrata,  zeylanica,  spirata,  areolata,  lutosa. 

TEREBRA.     Shell  elongated,  turreted,  very 


GENERA    OF   SHELLS.  91 

acute  at  summit.  Aperture  longitudinal,  much 
shorter  than  the  spire,  emarginate  posteriorly 
at  base.  Base  of  the  columella  twisted  or  ob- 
lique. 

The  very  short  columella  of  this  shell  presents  a 
peculiar  character  ;  in  its  general  form  it  much  resem- 
bles the  turritella,  but  is  distinguished  by  its  aperture, 
and  by  the  notch  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  base  ;  from 
eburna  by  not  having  the  channelled  umbilicus,  and 
from  buccinum  by  the  small  proportion  which  the 
length  of  the  aperture  bears  to  the  spire. 

T.  maculata,  flammea,  crenulata,  dimidiata,  muscaria, 
subulata,  oculata,  duplicata,  Babylonia,  corrugata,  Senega- 
lensis,  coerulescens,  striatula,  chlorata,  cerithina,  raphanula, 
cingulifera,  myuros,  scabrella,  strigilata,  lanceata,  aciculina, 
granulosa,  vittata. 

COLUMELLARIA. 

JY*0  canal  at  the  base  of  the  aperture,  but  a  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct subdorsal  notch,  and  plaits  on  the  columella. 

COLUMBELLA.  Shell  oval,  spire  short.  Base 
of  aperture  more  or  less  emarginate  ;  no  canal. 
Columella  plaited.  Outer  lip  dilated  inter- 
nally, narrowing  the  aperture. 

The  shells  of  this  genus  are  short,  small,  and  of  con- 
siderable thickness,  often  striated  transversely  and  of 
various  colors.  They  are  distinguished  from  volutaby 
the  swelling  on  the  inside  of  the  outer  lip  and  by  hav- 
ing an  operculum. 

C.  strombiformis,  rustica,  mercatoria,  flavida,  semipunc- 
tata,  bizonalis,reticulata,  hebraea,  pardalina,scripta,  ovulata, 


9*2  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

nitida,  fulgurans,  mendicaria;  turturina,  punctata,  unifascia- 
lis,  zonalis,  —  labiosa,  avara. 

MITRA.  Shell  turreted  or  subfusiform ; 
spire  pointed  at  summit ;  base  emarginated, 
without  a  canal.  Columella  with  parallel, 
transverse  plaits,  the  inferior  of  which  are  the 
smallest.  Pillar  lip  thin,  adnate. 

Distinguished  from  the  voluta,  by  the  summit  of  the 
spire  being  quite  pointed,  and  not  terminated  by  a 
mammella,  and  by  the  columellar  plaits  gradually  les- 
sening towards  the  base.  The  columellar  lip  is  some- 
times visible  only  near  the  base  of  the  columella. 

M.  episcopalis,  pnpalis,  pontificalis,  puncticulata,  mille- 
pora,  eardinalis,  archiepiscopalis,  A?ersicolor,  sanguinolenta, 
ferruginea,  terebralis,  adusta,  granulosa,  crocata,  casta,  nex- 
ilis,  olivaria,  scabriuscula,  gnmatina,  crenifera,  serpentina, 
toeniata,  piicaria,  corrugata,  costclluris,  lyrata,  melongena, 
cincteHa,  vulpecula,  cafFra,  sanguisuga?  stigmataria,  filosa, 
fissurata,  lactea,  eornicularis,  lutescons,  striatula,  subulata, 
cornea,  tringa,  melaniana,  scutulata,  dactylus,  fencstrata, 
crenulata,  texturata,  conulus?  Urnbtfera,  aurantiaca,  ampho- 
rella,  coronata,  paupcrcula,  cucumerina,  patriarchalis,  iimri- 
culata,  torulosa,  ebenus,  harpaefbrntis,  semifasciata,  retusa, 
microzonias,  ficulina,  nucleola,  unifascialis,  bacillurn,  conu- 
lariSj  arenosa,  clavulus,  litterata,  Peronii,  obliquata,  plumbea, 
larva,  pisolina,  dermestina,  grariulifera,  oniscina,  tabanula, 
pediculus. 

VOLUTA.  Shell  oval,  more  or  less  ventri- 
cose,  summit  obtuse  or  mammilJary,  emarginate 
at  base  and  without  a  canal.  Columella 
plaited,  the  inferior  folds  largest  and  most  ob- 
lique. No  pillar  lip. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  93 

The  volutae  are  distinguished  from  the  mitrse  by  the 
lower  plaits  on  the  columella  being  larger  than  the 
upper,  and  by  the  obtuse  and  mammellated  termination 
of  the  spire. 

(a.)  Shell  ventricose,  inflated.  (Cymbiola.) 

V.  nautica,  diadema,  armata,  ducalis,  tessellata.  JEthi- 
opica,  melo.  Neptuni,  cymbium,  olla,  proboscidalis,  porcina, 
scapha,  Brasiliana. 

(b.)    Shell  oval,  spiny  or  tuberculous.  (Muricina.) 

V.  imperialis,  pellis  serpentis,  vespertilio,  mitis,  nivosa, 
serpentina. 

(c.)    Shell  oval,  subtuberculous.    (Musicales.) 

V.  hebroea,  musica,  chlorosina,  thiarella,  carneola,  Guini- 
aca,  laevigata,  polyzonalis?  fulva,  sulcata,  nodulosa. 

(rf.)  Shell  elongate,  ventricose,  almost  fusiform.  (FusoideaJ) 

V.  magnifica,  ancilla,  Magellanica,  Pacifica,  fulminata, 
Junonia,  undulata,  Lapponica,  vexillum,  valvacea,  festiva. 
mitraBformis,  nucleus. 

MARGINELLA.  Shell  ovate  oblong,  smooth; 
spire  short ;  outer  lip  with  a  thickened  margin. 
Aperture  subemarginate  at  base.  Columella 
plaited  ;  folds  subequal. 

The  marginellse  are  smooth,  polished  shells,  and 
remarkable  for  the  varix  on  the  right  lip.  They  are 
distinguished  from  voluta  by  the  equal  folds  on  the 
columella,  by  the  aperture  which  occupies  almost  the 
whole  length  of  the  shell,  by  the  callus  on  the  right  lip, 
and  by  the  scarcely  perceptible  notch  at  the  base  of  the 
aperture. 

(a.)    Spire  prominent. 

M.  glabella,  radiata,  nubeculata,  ccerulescens,  quinquepli- 
cata,  limbata,  rosea,  bifasciata,  faba,  aurantia,  bivaricosa, 


94  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

longivaricosa,   muscaria,  fornicula,  eburnea,  dentifera,  ovu- 

lata. 

(b.)    Spire  not  prominent. 

M.  dactylus,  bullata,  cornea,  avellana,  persicula,  lineata, 
tessellata,  interrupta. 

VALVARIA.  Shell  cylindrical,  convolute  ; 
spire  scarcely  exserted.  Aperture  narrow,  as 
long  as  the  shell.  Columella  with  one  or 
more  folds  at  its  inferior  part. 

Distinguished  from  nrmrginella  by  having  in  general, 
no  varix  on  the  outer  lip,  which  is  thin  and  sharp, 
though  sometimes  slight  traces  of  a  varix  are  percepti- 
ble. They  are  generally  small  shells. 

V.  monilis,  pallida,  triticea,  oryza,  miliacea,  bulloides, 
canaliculata. 

CONVOLUTA. 

Shell  icithout  a  canal,  but  emarginate  or  effuse  at  base;  whorls 
large,  compressed,  turned  in  such  a  manner  that  the  last 
almost  entirely  envelopes  the  others. 

OVULA.  Shell  inflated,  attenuated  or  sub- 
acuminated  at  the  two  extremities ;  mar- 
gins turned  inwards.  Aperture  longitudinal, 
narrow,  effuse  at  extremities.  Pillar  lip,  not 
toothed. 

The  ovulse  are  closely  allied  to  the  cyprsea  in  form  ; 
are  sometimes  rostrated  at  both  ends,  nearly  smooth, 
and  have  no  spire.  They  are  distinguished  from  them 
by  the  left  lip  never  having  any  indentations,  and  from 
bullse  by  the  turning  inwards  of  the  right  lip. 
(a.)  Outer  lip  dentate,  with  folds. 

O.  oviformis,  angulosa,  verrucosa,  lactea,  carnea,  triticea, 
hordacea. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  95 

(&.)  Outer  lip  smooth. 
O.  gibbosa,  acicularis,  spelta,  birostris,  volva. 

CYPRJEA.  Shell  oval  or  oval-oblong,  convex, 
margins  turned  inwards.  Aperture  longitu- 
dinal, narrow,  both  lips  toothed,  effuse  at  both 
extremities.  Spire  very  small,  scarcely  ap- 
parent. 

The  shell  assumes  a  very  different  appearance  at  dif- 
ferent periods  of  growth.  When  young  the  aperture 
is  dilated  especially  at  the  lower  part,  is  entirely  with- 
out indentations,  and  the  right  lip  is  short.  In  the  mid- 
dle stage  of  growth  it  acquires  the  general  form  of  the 
adult  shell,  but  it  has  only  its  first  layer  of  testaceous 
matter,  and  the  spire,  though  very  small,  is  not  en- 
tirely covered,  and  its  colors  are  still  wanting.  Without 
attention  to  the  varying  form  of  the  shell  according  to 
age,  we  shall  be  liable  to  make  three  distinct  species  of 
the  same  individuals.  Sometimes  the  spire  presents  a 
little  pit,  like  an  umbilicus ;  sometimes  both  the  mar- 
gins are  dilated,  sometimes  only  one  and  sometimes 
neither  are  prominent  or  inflated. 

C.  cervina,  exanthema,  argus,  testudinaria,  Mauritiana, 
mappa,  Arabica,  histrio,  scurra,rattus,  stercoraria,  mus,  ven- 
triculus,  aurora,  tigris,  tigrina,  talpa,  carneola.  lurida,  vilelius, 
caput-serpentis,  cinerea,  zonata,  sordida,  icterina,  miliaris, 
variolaria,  rufa,  lynx,  adusta ,  erosa,  caurica,  isabella,  ocellata, 
cribraria,  turdus,  olivacea,  stolida,  hirundo,  undata,  zigzag, 
flaveola,  sanguinolenta,  poraria,  ursellus,  asellus,  moniliaris, 
stercus-muscarum,cicercula,  lota.globulus,  ovulata,  helvola, 
arabicula,  staphylea,  pustulata,  nucleus,  limacina,  moneta, 
obvelata,  annulus,  radians,  oniscus,  pediculus,  oryzge, 
coccinella,  australis,  albella. 


96  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

TEREBELLUM.  Shell  convolute,  subcylin- 
drical, summit  acute  ;  aperture  longitudinal, 
narrow  above,  emarginate  at  base.  Columella 
smooth,  truncated  inferiorly. 

The  terebellum  has  no  epidermis  ;  it  is  thin,  smooth 
and  when  we  look  at  its  back,  appears  to  be  irregularly 
notched  at  the  base.  It  most  resembles  the  ancillaria, 
oliva  and  conns,  and  has  a  slight  likeness  to  the  young 
cypraea. 

T.  subulatum,  convolutum,  fusiforme. 

ANCILLARIA.  Shell  oblong,  subcylindrical ; 
spire  short,  not  channelled  at  sutures.  Aper- 
ture longitudinal,  scarcely  emarginated  at  base, 
effuse,  a  callous,  oblique  varix  at  base  of  col- 
umella. 

The  ancillaria  greatly  resembles  the  oliva,  but 
the  upper  edges  of  the  whorls  of  the  spire  rest, 
each  of  them,  against  the  preceding  whorl  and  are  not 
separated  by  a  spiral  canal,  as  in  oliva.  The  callous, 
oblique  varix  distinguishes  this  genus  from  terebellum 
and  buccinum.  The  aperture  is  longitudinal,  but  never 
extends  the  whole  length  of  the  shell. 

N.  cinnamonea,  ventricosa,  marginata,  Candida. 

OLIVA.  Shell  subcylindrical,  convolute, 
smooth ;  spire  short,  sutures  channelled. 
Aperture  longitudinal,  emarginate  at  base. 
Columella  obliquely  striate. 

O.  porphyria,  textilina,  erythrostoma,  pica,  tremulinay 
angulata,  maura,  sepulturalis,  fulminans,  irisans,  elegans,. 
episcopalis,  venulata,  guttata,  leucophaea,  reticularis,,  flam- 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  97 

mulata,  granitella,  araneosa,  litterata,  scripta,  tricolor, 
sanguinolenta,  mastelina,  lugubris,  funebralis,  glandiformis,- 
Peruviana,  Senegalensis,  fusiformis,  undata,inflata,bicincta, 
harpularia,  hepatica,  ustulata,  avellana,  tessellata,  carneola, 
ispidula,  oriola,  Candida,  volutella,  tigrina,  Brasiliana,  utricu- 
lus,  auricularia,acuminata,  subulata,  luteola,  testacea,  hiatula, 
obtusaria,  Zeilanica,  nebulosa,  fabagina,  conoidalis,  unda- 
tella,  eburnea,  nana,  zonalis,  oryza,  —  mutica. 

CONUS.  Shell  turbinate  or  inversely  conic, 
convolute.  Aperture  longitudinal,  narrow, 
not  toothed,  effuse  at  base. 

The  olivse  are  distinguished  from  the  cylindrical 
cones,  by  the  channel  which  separates  the  whorls  of 
the  spire  and  by  the  striae  on  the  columella;  from 
voluta  and  mitra  by  the  spiral  whorls  of  those  shells 
being  separated  by  simple  unchannelled  sutures.  It 
has  also  a  prominent  callus  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
columellar  lip,  which  assists  in  forming  the  channel  of 
the  spire. 

(1.)  Shell  crowned. 

C.  marmoreus,  bandanus,  nocturnus,  Nicobaricus,  araneosus, 
zonatus,  imperialis,  fuscatus,  viridulus,  regius,  cedonulli, 
aurantius,  nebulosus,  minimus,  sulcatus,  hebrgeus,  vermicu- 
latus,  arenatus,  pulicarius,  fastigatus,  obesus,  varius,  tulipa, 
geographus,  punctatus,  ta3nia(us,  musicus,  miliaris,  mus, 
lividus,  Barbadensis,  roseus,  cardinalis,  Magellanicus,  distans, 
pontificalis,  Caledonicus,  sponsalis,  puncturatus,  Ceylanicus, 
lamellosus,  pusillus,  exiguus,  asper. 

(2.)  Shell  not  crowned. 

C.  millepunctatus,  litteratus,  eburneus,  tessellatus,  gener- 

alis,   Maldivus,  Malacanus,  lineatus,  monile,  centurio,  vitu- 

linus,   vulpinus,  flavidus,   virgo,  daucus,  pastinaca,  capita- 

neusjclassiarius,  vittatus,  mustelinus,  vexillum,  Sumatrensis, 

7 


98  GENERAOFSHELLS. 

hyoena,  miles,  ammiralis,  genuanus,  papilionaceus,  Siamensis, 
prometheus,  glaucus,  Suratensis,  monachus,  ranunculus, 
anemone,  achatinus,  cinereus,  stramineus,  zebra,  lacteus, 
cingulatus,  vicarius,  mercator,  ochraceus,  betulinus,  figuli- 
nus,  quercinus,  proteus,  leoninus,  .augur,  pertusus,  nivosus, 
fulgurans,  acuminatus,  amadis,  Janus,  flammeus,  litho- 
glypbus,  testudinarius,  venulatus,  qusestoi,  muscosus,  narcis- 
sus, Mozambicus,  Guinaicus,  Franciscanus,  inforrnis,  rattus, 
Jamaicensis,  mediterraneus,  puncticulatus,  Mauritianus,  fu- 
migatus,  eques,  Luzonicus,  catus,  verrucosus,  acutangulus, 
mindanus,  Japonicus,  pusio,  columba,  Madurensis,  nemoca- 
nus,  cancellatus,  fusiformis,  ccerulescens,  aurora,  Taitensis, 
Adansonii,  Tinianus,  Portoricanus,  crocatus,  amabilis,  Omai- 
cus,  nobilis,  aurisiacus,  terminus,  striatus,  gubernator, 
granulatus,  terebra,  verulosus,  raphanus,  magus,  spectrum, 
bullatus,  cervus,  stercus-muscarurn.  Tirnorensis,  nimbosus, 
dux,  tendineus,  pra3fectus,  melancholicus,  strigatus,  glans. 
mitratus,  nussatella,  aulicus,  auratus,  colubrinus,  clavus, 
auricomus,  omaria,  rubiginosus,  pennaceus,  praelatus,  panni- 
culus,  archiepiscopus,  canonicus,  episcopus,  abbas,  Jegatus 
textile,  pyramidalis,  gloria  maris,  australis. 

ORDER  IV.  ~-  CEPHALOPODA. 
The  shells  of  those  cephalopoda  which  are 
furnished  with  them,  afford  but  little  instruc- 
tion from  their  form,  as  to  that  of  the  animals 
which  produced  them.  To  distinguish  these 
shells  we  can  only  compare  them  with  one 
another,  and  we  are  as  yet  ignorant  whether 
the  divisions  we  may  thus  establish  will  coin- 
cide with  the  principal  divisions  we  should 
form  of  the  mollusca  themselves,  if  we  had  the 
opportunity  of  being  better  acquainted  with 
them. 


GENERA   OF   SHELLS.  99 

SECT.  I.— POLYTHALAMOUS  CEPHALAPODA. 

Shell  multilocular,  wholly  or  partly  developed,  inserted  in  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  animal ,  of  ten  adhering. 

ORTHOCERATA. 

Shell  straight  or  nearly  so  ;  no  spiral. 
Most   of  the  shells  of  this  family  are    unknown 
except  in  the  fossil  state. 

BELEMNITES.  Shell  straight,  elongated, 
conical,  formed  of  two  distinct  and  separable 
parts  ;  viz.  external,  a  solid  sheath,  filled  at  the 
upper  part,  with  a  conical  cavity  ;  internal,  a 
conical  nucleus,  pointed,  chambered  trans- 
versely through  its  whole  length,  multilocular  ; 
chambers  slightly  concave  on  one  side,  and 
convex  on  the  other,  and  perforated  by  a 
central  siphon. 

The  belemnites,  which  are  only  found  fossil  and 
generally  empty,  or  without  the  nucleus,  are  merely 
the  sheath  of  an  elongated-conical  mass,  not  adhe- 
ing,  chambered,  and  furnished  with  a  siphon  like  the 
orthocera  and  hippurites. 

ORTHOCERA.  Shell  elongate,  straight  or 
slightly  arcuated,  subconic,  striated  externally 
by  numerous  longitudinal  ribs.  Chambers 
formed  by  transverse  partitions  perforated  by 
a  tube,  either  central  or  marginal. 

O.  raphanus,  fascia,  raphanistrum,  obliqua,  acicula, 
legumen, 

NODOSARTA.      Shell   elongate,    straight,  or 


100  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

slightly  arcuated,  subconic,  with  smooth  nodes. 
Chambers  formed  by  transverse  partitions^ 
perforated  either  at  the  centre  or  near  the 
margin. 

N.  radicula,  dentalina,rsiphunculus. 

HJPPURITES.  Shell  tubular,  cylindrico-coni- 
cal,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  thick,  multilo- 
cular  ;  septa  transverse.  An  internal,  lateral 
canal,  formed  by  two  longitudinal,  obtuse, 
converging  edges.  The  last  chamber  closed 
by  a  thick,  solid  operculum  ;  edges  of  the 
operculum  bevelled,  and  accurately  adjusted 
to  the  orifice  of  the  chamber.  Fossil. 

CONOLITES.  Shell  conical,  straight,  slightly 
bent ;  sheath  thin,  distinct  from  the  contained 
nucleus*  Nucleus  sub-separable,  multilocular, 
divided  by  transverse  septa. 

The  conolites  appears  to  differ  from  the  helemmteg, 
principally  in  not  having  the  upper  portion  of  the 
sheath,  or  external  shell,  elongated  and  solid,  (in  con- 
sequence of  the  termination  of  the  cavily  for  the  nu- 
cleus before  it  reaches  the  summit)  as  in  those  shells. 

LITUOLATA. 

Shell  partly  spiral ;  the  last  whorl  straight. 

SPIRULA.  Shell  cylindrical,  thin,  nearly 
transparent,  multilocular;  partially  turned  into 
a  discoid  spiral ;  whorls-  distant ;  the  last  pro- 
duced into  a  right  line.  Partitions  transverse, 


GENERA    OF    SHELLS.  101 

equidistant,   concave   without,  with  a  lateral, 
interrupted  siphon.     Aperture  orbicular. 

S.  Peronii, —  (Nautilus  spirula,  Lin.) 

SPIROLINITES.  Shell  multilocular,  partly 
twisted  into  a  discoidal  spiral;  whorls  con- 
tiguous, the  last  terminating  in  a  straight  line. 
Septa  transverse,  perforated  by  a  tube. 

Distinguished  from  spirula  by  the  contiguity  of  the 
whorls.  Only  known  in  the  fossil  state ;  very  small 
shells. 

LITUOLITES.  Shell  multilocular,  partly 
twisted  into  a  discoidal  spiral ;  whorls  con- 
tiguous, the  last  terminating  in  a  straight  line. 
Chambers  irregular,  septa  transverse,  simple, 
(no  siphon)  ;  the  last  septum  pierced  with 
from  three  to  six  holes. 

Small  fossil  shells  ;  the  septa  which  form  the  cham- 
bers are  at  unequal  distances,  and  inclined  to  one 
another;  some  species  have  scarcely  one  complete 
turn  of  the  spiral. 

CRISTATA. 

Shell  semi-discoidal ;  spire  eccentric. 

RENULITES.  Shell  kidney-shaped,  flattened, 
furrowed,  multilocular ;  chambers  linear ;  con- 
tiguous, curved  round  a  marginal  axis  ;  those 
farthest  from  the  axis  the  longest.  One  fossil 
species. 

CRISTELLARIA.     Shell  semidiscoid,  multilo- 


102  GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

cular  ;  whorls  contiguous,  simple,  progressive- 
ly enlarging.  Spire  eccentric,  sublateral,  septa 
im  perforate. 

C.  squammula,  papillosa,  leevis,  auricularis,  faba,  scapha, 
crepidula,  auricula,  tuberosa. 

ORBICULINA.  Shell  subdiscoidal,  multilo- 
cular ;  whorls  contiguous  and  compound ; 
spire  eccentric.  Chambers  short,  very  numer- 
ous ;  septa  imperforate. 

O.  numismalis,  anguJata,uncinata. 

SPH^ERULATA. 

Shell  globular,   spheroidal,   or  oval ;  whorls  of  the  spire  en- 
veloping, or  the  chambers  united  under  one  covering. 

MILLIOLITES.  Shell  transverse,  oval-glob- 
ular or  elongated,  multilocular.  Chambers 
transverse,  surrounding  the  axis,  and  succes- 
sively covering  one  another ;  aperture  very 
small,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  last  whorl, 
orbicular,  or  oblong. 

Lamarck  states  that  he  possesses  specimens  in  a 
recent  state,  which  are  found  on  fuci,'near  the  Island 
of  Corsica ;  but  all  the  species  he  describes  are  fossil. 
The  size  of  these  tiny  shells  scarcely  exceeds  that  of 
grains  of  millet,  whence  their  name  ;  some  are  globu- 
lar, inclining  to  oval,  others  oblong,  or  somewhat 
triangular. 

MELONITES.  Shell  subspherical,  multilocu- 
lar ;  spire  central ;  whorls  contiguous,  en- 


GENERA  OF  SHELLS.  103 

veloping.     Chambers  narrow,  elongated  and 
numerous  ;  septa  imperforate. 

RADIOLATA. 

Shell  discoidal,  spire  central ;  chambers  elongated,  radiating 
from  the  centre  to  the  circumference. 

From  the  character  of  the  shells  of  this  family,  it 
follows  that  their  spire  can  have  but  one  turn,  and  is 
consequently  false  or  imperfect. 

ROTALITES.  Shell  orbicular,  spiral,  convex 
or  conoidal  at  the  upper  part  ;  flattened, 
radiating,  and  tubercular  at  the  lower ;  multi- 
locular.  Radii  wavy  ;  aperture  marginal,  tri- 
angular, inclined  towards  the  base. 

The  rotalites  are  very  small  shells,  widest  at' the  base, 
with  the  whorls  contiguous  and  distinct. 

LENTICULITES.  Shell  sub-lenticular,  spiral, 
multilocular  ;  exterior  margin  of  the  whorls 
triplicate,  extending  over  the  interior  whorls, 
both  above  and  below,  to  the  centre  of  the 
shell.  Septa  entire,  curved,  produced  on  both 
sides  like  radii.  Aperture  narrow,  projecting 
over  the  penultimate  whorl. 

The  lenticulites  are  distinguished  from  the  rotal- 
ites and  discorbites,  by  the  lateral  prolongation  of  the 
chambers  and  septa,  and  from  the  nautilus  by  not 
having  the  siphon.  They  are  similar  to  nummulites, 
but  differ  by  the  prolongation  of  the  chambers  and  by 
the  projection  of  the  aperture  over  the  penultimate 
whorl.  They  are  chiefly  fossil,  but  Lamarck  tells  us 


104  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

that  he  possesses  some  species  which  are  found  in  the 
sea  near  Teneriffe,  at  the  depth  of  125  feet. 

PLACENTULA.  Shell  orbicular,  convex  above 
and  below,  multilocular.  Aperture  oblong, 
narrow,  disposed  as  a  ray  in  the  inferior  disc, 
or  on  both  discs. 

P.  pulvinata,  asterisans. 

NAUTILACEA. 

Shell  discoidal,  spire   central,  chambers  short,  not   extending 

from  the  centre  to  the  circumference. 
The  nautilacea  differ  from  the  radiolata,  in  having 
the  spire  composed  of  several  whorls,  wherefore  the 
chambers  cannot  extend  from  the  centre  to  the  cir- 
cumference ;  their  spire  is  also  complete,  which  that  of 
the  radiolata  never  is. 

DISCORBITES.  Shell  discoidal,  spiral,  mul- 
tilocular  ;  sides  simple.  All  the  whorls  visible, 
naked,  contiguous  to  one  another.  Septa 
transverse,  frequent,  imperforate. 

The  discorbites  differs  from  the  nautilus,  by  having 
all  the  whorls  of  the  spire  visible  and  no  siphon  ;  from 
rotalites,  by  the  aperture  not  inclining  downward  to- 
wards the  base,  and  the  spire  not  rising  into  a  cone. 

SIDEROLITES.  Shell  multilocular,  discoidal ; 
whorls  contiguous,  not  visible  externally  ;  disc 
convex  on  both  sides,  and  loaded  with  tuber- 
cular points ;  circumference  bordered  with 
unequal,  radiating  lobes.  Septa  transverse, 
imperforate.  Aperture  distinct,  sublateral. 


GENERA   OF  SHELLS. 

POLYSTOMELLA.  Shell  discoidal,  multilocu- 
lar ;  whorls  contiguous,  not  apparent  exter- 
nally, radiated  exteriorly  by  striae  or  costae 
running  in  the  direction  of  the  whorls.  Aper- 
ture of  many  holes  variously  disposed. 

These  characters  are  common  also  to  the  lenticulites, 
but  the  aperture  of  the  latter  is  simple,  whilst  that  of 
the  polystomella  is  composed  of  several  holes,  differ- 
ently disposed  in  different  species. 

P.  crispa,  costata,  planulata,  ambigua. 

VORTICIALIS.  Shell  discoidal,  spiral,  multi- 
locular  ;  whorls  contiguous,  not  apparent  ex- 
ternally ;  septa  transverse,  imperforate,  not 
extending  from  the  centre  to  the  periphery. 
Aperture  marginal. 

The  vorticialis  differs  from  nummulites  chiefly  by 
having  a  distinct  aperture,  and  from  discorbites,  by  the 
spiral  whorls  not  being  visible  externally.     Their  axis 
is  central   and  confounded  with  the  summit  of  .the 
spire. 

V.  craticulata,  strigilata,  marginata. 

NUMMULITES.  Shell  lenticular,  attenuated 
towards  the  edges ;  spire  internal,  discoidal, 
multilocular,  covered  with  several  thin  plates  ; 
exterior  side  of  the  whorls  triplicate,  extending 
from  both  sides  to  the  centre  of  the  shell  and 
uniting.  Chambers  very  numerous,  small,  al- 
ternate ;  septa  imperforate,  transverse. 


106  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

NAUTILUS.  Shell  discoidal,  spiral,  multilo- 
cular  ;  parietes  simple ;  whorls  contiguous,  the 
last  enveloping  the  others.  Chambers  numer- 
ous. Septa  transverse,  concave  without ;  disc 
perforated  by  a  tube  ;  margins  quite  simple. 

N.  pompilius,  umbilicatus. 

AMMONEATA. 

Septa  sinuous,  loled  and  indented  at  the  circumference,  united 
at  the  inner  surface  of  the  shell  and  articulating  with  it 
by  means  of  indented  sutures. 

AMMONITES.  Shell  discoidal,  spiral,  whorls 
contiguous,  and  all  of  them  visible  ;  the  inte- 
rior parietes  articulated  by  sinuous  sutures. 
Septa  transverse,  lobed  and  indented  at  the 
circumference  ;  their  discs  without  any  siphon, 
but  perforated  by  a  sort  of  marginal  tube. 

The  ammonites  differ  essentially  from  the  nautili 
by  the  sinuous  sutures  of  the  internal  parietes  and  by 
the  similarly  sinuous  form  of  the  septa ;  from  the  or- 
bulites,  by  all  the  whorls  being  distinctly  visible.  They 
are  only  found  in  a  fossil  state. 

ORBULITES.  Shell  sub-discoidal,  spiral, 
whorls  contiguous,  the  last  enveloping  the 
rest ;  internal  parietes  articulated  by  sinuous 
sutures.  Septa  transverse,  lobed  at  the  cir- 
cumference, and  perforated  by  a  marginal 
tube. 

AMMONOCERATITES.       Shell    horn    shaped, 


GENERA   OF    SHELLS.  107 

nearly  semicircular  ;  parietes  articulated  by 
sinuous,  branch-like,  indented  sutures.  Septa 
transverse,  sinuous,  lobed  and  indented  at  the 
circumference.  Tube  or  siphon  marginal,  not 
perforating  the  septa. 

TURRILITES.  Shell  spiral,  turreted,  multi- 
locular,  whorls  contiguous,  all  visible  ;  parietes 
articulated  by  sinuous  sutures.  Septa  trans- 
verse, lobed  and  indented  at  the  circumference. 
Aperture  rounded. 

The  turrilites,  instead  of  being  discoidal,  or  simply 
arched,  are  elongated,  straight,  and  form  a  very  ele- 
vated spiral,  which  it  seems,  must  terminate  in  a  point 
like  the  turritella. 

BACULITES.  Shell  straight,  cylindrical, 
sometimes  slightly  compressed,  rather  conical; 
parietes  articulated  by  sinuous  sutures.  Septa 
transverse,  near  together ;  disc  of  the  septa 
imperforate,  lobed  and  indented  at  the  circum- 
ference. 

The  chambers  of  these  shells  are  transverse  and 
narrower  than  those  of  the  turrilites. 

SECT.  II.— MONOTHALAMOUS  CEPHALOPODA. 

Shell  unilocular,  wholly  external  and  envelojring  the  animal. 

ARGONAUTA.  Shell  univalve,  unilocular, 
involute,  very  thin  ;  spire  bicarinate,  tubercu- 
lous, re-entering  the  aperture. 

A.  argo,  tuberculosa,  nitida. 


108  GENERA   OF   SHELLS. 

SECT.  III.— NAKED  CEPHALOPODA  . 

The,  animals  of  this  section  have  no  shell  either  internal  or 
external,  but  the  greater  number  of  them  contain  a  solid, 
free,  cretaceous  or  horny  substance  in  the  interior  of  their 
body. 

SEPIARTA. 

The  sepiaria  are  marine  animals,  none  of  them  have 
any  true  shell ;  they  always  live  in  the  sea,  some  crawl- 
ing at  the  bottom,  as  the  octopus  ;  others,  as  the  sepia 
and  loligo,  swimming  freely  in  the  water,  by  means  of 
membranes  or  fins  with  which  their  sac  is  furnished. 
This  family  contains  four  genera, 

OCTOPUS,  LOLIGOPSIS,  LOLIGO,  SEPIA. 

ORDER  V.  — HETEROPODA. 

The  body  is  gelatinous  and  transparent  and  the  shell 
of  some  of  them  resembles  that  of  the  argonauta. 

CARINARIA.  Shell  univalve,  conical,  com- 
pressed at  the  sides,  unilocular,  very  thin, 
hyaline  ;  apex  spiral ;  back  sometimes  with  a 
dentated  carina.  Aperture  oblong,  entire. 

C,  vitrea,  fragilis,  cymbium. 

PTEROTRACHEA  and  PHYLLIROE,  have  no 
shell. 


GLOSSARY. 


ABBREVIATED,  shortened 
Abrupt,  terminating  suddenly 
Accessory   (valves),   small    addi- 
tional ones 

Acute,  sharp  pointed,  or  edged 
Adherent,  fixed  to  rocks  and  other 

solid  bodies 

Adnate,  growing  firmly  together 
Alveolate,  having  large  cells 
Annulate,  marked  with  rings 
Area,  or  Anterior  Flope,  that  on 

which  the  ligament  is  placed 
Areola,  or  Posterior  £lope,  the  side 
of  the  beaks  opposite  to  the  liga- 
ment 
Apex,   or    Vertex,    the   point    at 

which  the  shell  commences 
Apophysis,  an  excrescence,  a  pro- 
jection 
Approximate,    approaching    near 

each  other 
Arcuated,  simply  curved  like  an 

arch 

Arenaceous,  of  a  sandy  consistence 
Attenuated,  tapering  to  a  point 
Auricular,  or    Auriculated,    with 

ear-like  appendages 
BASE,  the  extremity  opposite  the 

apex 

Beaks,  the  summit  of  bivalves 
Bifid  and  Bipartite,  divided  at  the 

tip 
Body,  the  last  and  largest  whorl  of 

a  univalve 

Byssus,  filaments  by  which  the 

animal  adheres  to  foreign  bodies 

CALCAREOUS,  of  the  nature  of  lime 

Callus,  or  Callosity,  an   elevation 

of  the  enamel  above  the  surface, 

about  the  aperture 

Cardinal  (teeth)  under  the  apex  or 

beaks 
Carinate,  like  the  keel  of  a  vessel 


Caudate,  or  Caudiform,  a  tail  like 
process 

Cicatrix,  impressions  where  the 
muscle  is  fixed 

Clavate,  club  shaped 

Columella,  the  pillar  or  axis 

Connate,  parts  soldered  together 

Contorted,  twisted 

Connivent,  converging  or  ap- 
proaching 

Convoluted,  rolled  upon  itself 

Cordate,  or  Cordiform,  heart 
shaped 

Corselet,  the  depression  anterior 
to  the  beaks 

Coriaceous,  of  leather-like  con- 
sistence 

Corneous,  resembling  horn 

Crenate,  or  Crenulate,  scolloped 
at  the  margin 

Cretaceous,  chalky 

Crustaceous,  like  the  shell  of  a 
lobster 

Cuneiform,  wedge  shaped 

DECORTICATED,  with  the  outer 
skin  removed 

Decussated,  crossing  at  right  angles 

Deltoid,  like  a  triangle 

Dentated,  toothed 

Denuded,  destitute  of  covering 

Diaphanous,  transparent 

Diaphragm,  an  interior  transverse 
division 

Diffuse,  spreading 

Digitate,  like  fingers 

Discoidal,  like  a  wheel  or  pulley 

Disc,  convex  part  of  bivalves  be- 
tween the  umbones  and  margin 

Divaricate,  or  Divergent,  spread- 
ing like  a  fan 

Dorsal,  on  the  back 

ECHIPIATED,  set  with  spines 

Effuse, the  lips  separated  by  a  gutter 


110 


GLOSSARY. 


Emarginate,  notched 

Epidermis,  the  membranous  cov- 
ering of  a  shell 

Equilateral,  the  sides  equal 

Equivalve,  the  valves  equal  and 
similar 

Escutcheon,  vide  Corselet 

Eroded,  appearing  as  if  gnawed 

Exserted,  protruded 

FACET,  the  flat  summit  of  the  in- 
ferior valve 

Falciform,  sickle  shaped 
Fixed,  attached  —  vide  Adherent 
Flexuous,    alternately    bent    and 

nearly  straight 
Fluviatile,    inhabiting    rivers    or 

fresh  water 

Foramen,  a  hole  or  opening 
Foliaceous,  resembling  leaves 
Fossa,  a  cavity  to  receive  a  tooth 
Fusiform,  spindle  shaped 

GIBBOUS,  bulging  out 

Geminate,  in  pairs 

HYALINE,  transparent  like  glass 

IMBRICATE,  one  over  another,  like 
tiles 

In,  (in  composition)  has  a  nega- 
tive power 

Involute,  rolled  inwards 

LABIUM,  the  columellar  lip 

Labrum,  the  outer  lip 

Lamella,  or  Lamina,  a  thin  layer 
or  scale 

Lenticular,  like  a  lens 

Ligament,  the  substance  which 
connects  the  valves 

Limbus,  circumference  of  the 
valves 

Linear,  with  parallel  sides 

Lunated,  crescent  shaped 

Lunule,  or  Anus,  the  depression 
behind  the  beaks 

MAMMILLA,  a  nipple-like  protuber- 
ance ' 

Multilocular,  with  many  cells  or 
chambers 

Multivalve,  with  more  than  two 
valves 

NACRE,  like  pearl 

Nates,  vide  IJmbo 

Nucleus,  the  layer  of  the  shell, 
first  formed 

Nymphae,  or  Labia,  the  ridges  to 
which  the  ligament  is  attached 


OBSOLETE,  indistinct,  worn  away 
by  age 

Operculum,  the  lid  which  closes 
the  aperture 

Osseous,  like  bone 

PARIETES,  the  walls  or  sides 

Patulous,  spreading  open,  gaping 

Papyraceous,  like  paper 

Pectinated,  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb 

Pedicle,  or  reduncle,  the  fleshy 
support  of  the  Lepas 

Penultimate,  the  last  but  one 

Posterior  slope,  vide  Areola 

Pyriform,  pear  shaped 

QUADRATE,  somewhat  square 

RINGENT,  saping 

Rostrum,  the  elongated  canal  of 
univalves 

SECURIFORM,  hatchet  shaped 

Septum,  a  partition 

Sessile,  fixed,  without  a  pedicle 

Sinus,  an  excavation  or  gutter 

Sinuate,  indented,  irregular  mar- 
gin 

Siphon,  a  tube  passing  through  the 
chambers  of  Nautilus,  &c. 

Squamose,  scaly 

Striae,  thread-like  lines 

Sub,  (in  composition)  means  ap- 
proaching to,  nearly 

Subulate,  awl  shaped 

Sulcus,  a  groove  or  furrow 

Summit,  the  tip  or  apex 

Suture,  the  lines  between  the 
whorls 

TESTACEOUS,    of    the     materials 

which  form  shells 
Tortuous,  twisted,  winding 
Tridentate,  three  toothed 
Truncated,  cut  off  square 
Tubercle,  a  small  eminence 
Turbinated,    shaped   like    a    top 

nearly  conic 

UMBILICUS,  perforation  in  the  cen- 
tre of  a  univalve,  visible  under- 
neath 
Umbo,  the   most  prominent  part 

near  the  beak 
Univalve,  with  one  valve 
VA RICES,     prominences,    at    the 

stages  of  growth 

Ventricose,  swelling  in  the  middle 
Vertex,  the  tip  of  the  spire  or  umbo 
WHORL,  a  revolution  of  the  spire 


ERRATA. — Page  68,  4  lines  from  top,  for  spine  read  spire. 
"    94,  for  Valvaria  read  Volvaria. 


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